Term
| Who is credited with the discovery of the 3-D structure of the DNA molecule? |
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Definition
| James Watson/Francis Crick |
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Term
| How is the structural backbone of the DNA formed? |
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Definition
| Formed by phosphate bonding with sugar of next nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
sequence of bases
Triplets carry genetic info.
DNA/RNA |
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Term
| What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together |
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Definition
| hydrogne bond, double helix |
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Term
| What are the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and which of these bases are complementary |
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Definition
adenine with thymine
cytosine with guanine |
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Term
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Definition
single stranded
ribose replace deoxyribose
uracil replaces thymine in RNA and pairs with Adeninne |
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Term
| What are the two stages of gene expression |
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Definition
Transcription- language of DNA is transcribed within safety of the nucleus
RNA polymerse guides transcription of gene
only 1 gene is copied
single stranded mRNA is produced
mRNA moves to cytoplasm
Translation- information passes to cytoplasm where it is translated to language of proteins
codons translated to amino acids in protein.
occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm
ribosomes forge covalent bonds between amino acids produce specific protein |
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Term
| DNA bases to RNA base sequence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carries amino acids for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
mRNA molecule bind to ribsome
tRNA carry amino acids to ribosome for photo synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
phosphate group
5 carbon sugars , deoxyribose
nitrogen containing base |
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Term
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Definition
| full set of DNA related to each species |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete unit of DNA that carries the code for the building of specific proteins |
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Term
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Definition
alternative copy of same gene
Aa aA |
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Term
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Definition
| location of the gene on the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| acutal combination of alelles present in organsims |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of 3 nucletoid bases in mRNA specify paticular amino acid |
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Term
| How are restriction enzymes used in genetic technology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is gene transfer or genetic recombination? |
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Definition
| cut DNA and make it into a new organsim |
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Term
| 4 basic steps to gene transfer |
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Definition
DNA of both organsims cut with restriction enzymes
Gene of interest isolated from donor species
Host DNA recombined with gene of interest from donor
Host organism now carries new functional gene |
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Term
| How are bacterial plasmids useful in the production of prescription drugs |
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Definition
| can easily be manipulated with genetic coding |
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Term
| Name three benefits of using genetic engineering in agriculture |
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Definition
Pest resistance
GM crop resistant to herbicide
Nutrituion |
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Term
| What are the potential risks of genetic modification of crops |
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Definition
Harmful to consumers
On ecosystmes
Pests develop resistance
Out sourcing |
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Term
| Define stem cells and describe their potential use in treatment of diseases |
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Definition
undifferntative cell that develop into organs
can be injected into damaged tissue for repair |
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Term
| What is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT |
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Definition
| invitro babies desiered genes, nucleus fused with denucleated egg cell |
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Term
| Describe the three basic steps of SCNT. |
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Definition
nucleus of somatic cell donor egg are removed
Somatic cell nucleus placed within the donor egg
Embryo placed within uterus of surrogater mother or stem cells are used to create new tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| cut DNA at specific targeted base sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA created from gene tranfers |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive surgate mother
therapuatic tissue culture
genetically identical organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organims that are modified in the making |
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Term
| semiconservative replication during s phase |
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Definition
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Term
g1 gap 1
s synthesis
g2 gap 2 |
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Definition
organelles divide
dna replication
enzymes produced for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| propase metaphase anaphase telophase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| paired chromosomes paired carrying same traits in same location |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two identical copies of a chromosome during replication |
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Term
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Definition
| what holds sister chromatids together |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes replicate
nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
nucleur membrane breaks down
sister chromotoids condense
spindle forms |
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Term
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Definition
| line up in center of cell |
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Term
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Definition
chromotoids are pulled apart
both sides go different ways |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes begin to uncoil as nuclear membrane resembles around them
cell begins to pinch in two |
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Term
| How many genes are in the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage codes for protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of the human genome does not code for protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect of alternate splicing of the exons of mRNA molecule in the production of proteins from each gene |
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Definition
| produces primary RNA transcript by removing introns and joining the exon fragments to produce mature mRNA |
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Term
| Why must gene expression be carefully regulated |
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Definition
| growth and development is achieved through this during and after transcription and translation |
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Term
| What is the most common type of regulation of gene expression |
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Definition
| regulating before transpcription |
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Term
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Definition
changes of the sequences of bases in gene
can alter functiong of protein |
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Term
| Describe how DNA mutations can impact protein function |
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Definition
| can cause tumors or pass off to offspring |
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Term
| Explain why mutations have to be in gametes (egg & sperm) to be inherited |
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Definition
| gametes pass traits to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| one base is changed at a single position in DNA sequence, leads to subsistion of amino acid and altered protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nucletoid sequence that code for AA |
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Term
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Definition
| nucletoid sequence that don't code for AA |
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Term
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Definition
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
frame shift mutation, sudden death in young people no diagnoses |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in gene expression/phenotype/ that do not involve changes in the base sequence of a gene |
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Term
| Describe the structure of human chromosomes |
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Definition
| thread on a spool by wrapping around structures called histones |
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