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BIO66-Human Physiology-SJSU-Spring '11 - CV Lab
n/a
38
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2011

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Term
Distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases. How does spirometry aid their diagnosis?
Definition

Obstructive lung diseases are those that result from a blockage or narrowing of air passageways. Restrictive lung diseases are those that result in a reduction in functional lung tissue. Values such as FEV1 allow clinicians to determine if an individual has the normal amount of functional lung tissue.

Term
Why did the rate of oxygen consumption increase during exercise? Why did the rarte of oxygen consumption remain elevated after exercise?
Definition

Oxygen consumption increases during exercise as the demands of increased metabolism in tissues such as muscle dictates. Oxygen consumption remains elevated after exercise becuase substances such as lactic acid must be metabolized and also the increased heat generated by exercise drives up metabolic reactions.

Term
High total minute volume during exercise is called hyperpnea. How does this differ from hyperventilation?
Definition

Hyperpnea is driven by increased CO2 production during exercise. Hyperventilation is not driven by [CO2].

Term
Define the term oxygen debt. Relate this concept to the changes in the rate of oxygen consumption and total minute volume you observed in your experiments.
Definition

Oxygen debt refers to the fact that breathing remains elevated after exercise becuase oxygen demand remains elevated. This is reflected in the fact that total minute ventilation stays high.

Term
How might hyperventilation and hypoventilation affect the pH of the blood?
Definition

Hyperventilation will drive off CO2 and reduce the [H+] in the blood. This will increase the pH. Hypoventilation will increase the [CO2] in the alveoli and drive up [H+] in the blood. This will reduce the pH.

Term
Describe how the diaphragm contributes to lung ventilation.
Definition

As the diaphragm contracts (the dome descends) and the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased. The pleura follow and so does the lung tissue. This increases the volume of the alveoli and reduces the pressure. Thus a pressure gradient is set up from outside to inside.

Term
Identify several muscles used in FORCED inhalation.
Definition

Abdominal muscles and neck muscles including scalenes and the sternocleidomastoid.

Term
Why were your respiratory volume measurements corrected with the BTPS factor?
Definition

The BTPS is used because the volumes measured are in the spirometer which is at room temperature and the air is dry. In the lungs the air is at body temperature and is saturated with water.

Term
Define the term dead space with respect to the respiratory system.
Definition

Dead space includes those portions of the respiratory system that do not exchange gases with the blood (e.g. trachea and major bronchi).

Term
Identify the pathway taken by air from outside the body to the alveolus. What is the function of the mucociliary ladder?
Definition

-Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveoli.

-The mucociliary ladder picks up dust, pollen, fibers etc that come in with the air and transports them upwards in the trachea towards the esophagus where they are removed from the respiratory system and swallowed

Term
Eupnea
Definition

Normal respiration

Term
Apnea
Definition

Cessation of breathing

Term
Hyperpnea
Definition

Abnormal increase in depth and rate of breathing

Term
Dyspnea
Definition

Difficult or labored breathing

Term
Polypnea
Definition

Increased respiratory rate

Term
Tachypnea
Definition

Excessively rapid respiratory rate

Term
Anoxia
Definition

Total lack of oxygen

Term
Hypercapnia
Definition

Excess CO2 in blood

Term
Asphyxia
Definition

Lack of oxygen resulting in death

Term
Atelectasis
Definition

Collapse of the alveoli

Term
Dead space
Definition

Respiratory passages where gas does not occur

Term
Based on the results from your class and preceding classes, was there a difference between the mean Hb concentration in males versus females? Couch potatoes versus athletes? Do you have enough data to answer these questions? What factors might have influenced your results?
Definition

Hemoglobin concentrations for males and females overlap. In males it ranges from 13-16g/dL and in females from 12-15g/dL. Also, hemoglobin production may be increased in athletes. Data in Biology 66 labs usually supports both of these facts.

Term
What is anemia? How does hypochromic anemia differ from microcytic anemia?
Definition

Anemia is a condition of the blood in which the oxygen carrying capacity is reduced. This may have many causes including hemorrhage and decreased iron and/or vitamin B in the diet. Hypochromic anemia is a result of decreased iron (and therefore less Hb). Decreased iron also results in smaller RBCs (microcytic anemia).

Term
Why is it important to have an adequate intake of iron?
Definition

Fe is a key factor in the structure/function of hemoglobin.

Term
What other dietary deficiencies can lead to anemia?
Definition

-Vitamin B12 (i.e. cobalamin)

  • found in dairy products, meat and fish
  • deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia
  • RBCs have a short lifespan
  • increased MCV, MCHC is normal

-Folic Acid

  • found in green leafy vegetables

       -leads to megaloblastic anemia as above

Term
How many molecules of oxygen can a single hemoglobin molecule can carry?
Definition

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen.

Term
Newborn babies, particularly premature ones, often have a rapid rate of red blood cell destruction and are jaundiced. What is the relationship between these two conditions?
Definition

This condition results in excessive amounts of heme being released from the destruction if RBCs. The liver converts the heme into bilirubin. Excess bilirubin not conjugated and excreted in the bile builds up in the blood. This produces a yellowing of the skin and areas such as the sclera of the eyes.

Term
Define the terms "hemostasis", "thromblin" and "fibrin".
Definition

-Hemostasis is the process of keeping blood within the vessels by repairing breaks without compromising the fluidity of the blood.

-Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

-Fibrin is a protein that comprises threads in the blood clot.

Term
What produces the QRS complex in the ECG?
Definition

Ventricular depolarization

Term
What does the peak in the blood flow trace represent?
Definition

Flow as a result of systolic pressure

Term
Why did the pulse disappear when the brachial artery was compressed?
Definition

Because this artery feeds both the radial and ulnar arteries.

Term
What is the adaptive significance of a reduction in peripheral blood flow in cold conditions?
Definition

It reduces the heat loss in the extremities.

Term
Why does the QRS wave have the greatest amplitude?
Definition

Ventricles have a greater muscle mass than the atria.

Term
Explain why ventricular relaxation (diastole) and the "dup" sound occur after the T wave.
Definition

Relaxation occurs after repolarization. The resulting pressure drop allows the semilunar valves to close.

Term
Explain why ventricular contraction (systole) and the "lub" sound occur immediately after the QRS complex
Definition

Ventricular depolarization results in contraction.

Contraction raises ventricular pressure which causes the AV valves to close.

Term
How does a sphygmomanometer work?
Definition

It stops blood flow. Then decreasing the pressure allows flow to occur when it matches systolic pressure. Resulting sounds of Korotkoff stop when pressure matches diastolic pressure.

Term
How is heart rate controlled by nerves?
Definition

Sympathetics increase HR (NE)

Parasympathetics decrease HR (ACh)

Term
What happened tot he R-R interval and the heart rate after exercise?
Definition

R-R interval decreased

HR increased

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