Term
| What are the two categories by which animals may be classified by how they obtain carbon? |
|
Definition
| Autotrophs and Heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that have inorganic carbon source. |
|
|
Term
| Organisms that have inorganic carbon source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that have organic carbon source. |
|
|
Term
| What organisms make up the autotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Most plants, many protists and some prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
| Most plants, many protists and some prokaryotes make up what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of heterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores |
|
|
Term
| Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores are... |
|
Definition
| the three types of heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Autotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Trick question -- there is not three types of autotrophs. There are three types of heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consume plants, animals and algae |
|
|
Term
| Consume plants, animals and algae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is nutrition required for? |
|
Definition
| Chemical energy, biomolecule monomers and essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Chemical energy, biomolecule monomers and essential nutrients... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nutrients required from diet because the organism cannot synthesize them |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients required from diet because the organism cannot synthesize them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
| Amino acids, fatty acids and vitamins. |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids, fatty acids and vitamins... |
|
Definition
| are things included in the essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What amino acids are essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
| 20 are required, 8 are essential because they cannot be synthesized by human adults. |
|
|
Term
| What fatty acids can be synthesized? |
|
Definition
| Most can be synthesized, some cannot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organic molecules, many of which function as coenzymes. |
|
|
Term
| Organic molecules, many of which function as coenzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of vitamins? |
|
Definition
| Water-soluble and fat-soluble. |
|
|
Term
| Water-soluble and fat-soluble are... |
|
Definition
| the two types of vitamins that are essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What are the water-soluble vitamins that are essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-vitamins and vitamin C are... |
|
Definition
| the water-soluble vitamins that are essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins that are essential nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamins A,D,E and K are... |
|
Definition
| the fat-soluble vitamins that are essential nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| __________________________ can accumulate to toxic levels within fat tissue. |
|
Definition
| Fat-soluble vitamins can accumulate to toxic levels within fat tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Fat-soluble vitamins can... |
|
Definition
| accumulate to toxic levels within fat tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic to remember the minerals for animals nutrition? |
|
Definition
N
Saenz confidently manipulates Kantian philosophy for nonsense commentary. |
|
|
Term
| What are the minerals of animal nutrition? |
|
Definition
S - Sulfur
C - Calcium
M - Magnesium
K - Potassium
P - Phosphorous
Fe - Iron
Na - Sodium
Cl - Chlorine |
|
|
Term
| Minerals that function as enzyme cofactors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that aid in osmotic balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a group, Na, K, Cl functions as |
|
Definition
| minerals that aid in osmotic balance |
|
|
Term
| Minerals that aid in muscle functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle functioning and Bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
| Minerals that aid in nerve functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve functioning and osmotic balance |
|
|
Term
| Minerals that are in bones and teeth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a group, Ca and P are in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minerals that are in hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sulfur is a mineral that is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids contain the minerals... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA and ATP and bones and teeth |
|
|
Term
| DNA and ATP are aided by the mineral(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Undernutrition is more commonly known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hunger is more officially known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lack sufficient food for basic energy needs |
|
|
Term
| Undernutrition is a lack of _________________. Malnutrition is a lack of _________________________. Overnutrition is from ____________________________. |
|
Definition
| Undernutrition is a lack of calories. Malnutrition is a lack of essential nutrients. Overnutrition is from an abundance of calories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diet lacking in essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Diet lacking in essential nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________________ is most common ___________________. |
|
Definition
| Protein deficiency is most common among humans. |
|
|
Term
| What can happen as a result of malnutrition and/or undernutrition? |
|
Definition
| Health, growth, developmental deficiencies or premature death. |
|
|
Term
| Who and how many die daily as a result of diet. |
|
Definition
| Around 16,000 children die daily. |
|
|
Term
| Health, growth, developmental deficiencies or premature death are the results of... |
|
Definition
| Malnutrition and/or undernutrition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consuming excess food leading to being overweight or obese. |
|
|
Term
| Consuming excess food leading to being overweight or obese. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three states that result from poor diets? |
|
Definition
| Malnutrition, Undernutriiton and Overnutrition. |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of eating? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
|
|
Term
| Ingestion, Disgestion, Absorption and Elimination are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down of food into usable molecules through enzymatic hydrolysis. |
|
|
Term
| Break down of food into usable molecules through enzymatic hydrolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digestion usually happens to the point of ______________________ among ________________, not ______________________, because... |
|
Definition
| Digestion usually happens to the point of monomers among species, not polymers, because we ingest the polymers specific to other species, but we need the polymers specific to our species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undigested material passes out. |
|
|
Term
| Undigested material passes out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things happens in absorption? |
|
Definition
| Uptake for cellular use, the making of polymers to provide energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways of getting nutrition? |
|
Definition
- Suspension and filter feeders
- Substrate feeders
- Fluid feeders
- Bulk feeders |
|
|
Term
| Suspension and filter feeders |
|
Definition
| Extract food from surrounding water. |
|
|
Term
| Extract food from surrounding water. |
|
Definition
| Suspension and filter feeders. |
|
|
Term
| Live in or on food source |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in or on food source. |
|
|
Term
| Suspension and filter feeders, substrate feeder, fluid feeder and bulk feeder are... |
|
Definition
| ways of getting nutrition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suck nutrient-rich fluids from host plant or animals. |
|
|
Term
| Suck nutrient-rich fluids from host plant or animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ingest relatively large pieces of food. |
|
|
Term
| Ingest relatively large pieces of food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of feeders are most animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intracellular digestion is used by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four characteristics of how sponges feed? |
|
Definition
- Suspension feeders
- Phagocytosis
- Digestion in ameobocyte cell after fusing with...
- Lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cnidarians and Platyhelmithes have... |
|
Definition
| extracellular digestion -- Gastrovascular cavity |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular digestion and Gastrovascular cavity is used by... |
|
Definition
| Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes |
|
|
Term
| What are the four characteristics of how cnidarians and platyhelminthes feed? |
|
Definition
- One opening
- Incomplete digestive system
- Partial digestion in Gastrovascular cavity followed by phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alimentary canal is used by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
| Complete digestive system -- one way passage. |
|
|
Term
| Complete digestive system -- one way passage are characteristics of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the path of digestion for organisms with an alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
| Mouth to Pharnyx to Esophagus, Crop or Gizzard to Intestine to Anus |
|
|
Term
| What happens to food in the crop? |
|
Definition
| Food is stored or softened |
|
|
Term
| Food is stored or softened in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to food in the stomach or gizzard? |
|
Definition
| Food is churned and grinded by the muscles of the organ. |
|
|
Term
| Food is churned and grinded by the muscles of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stomach and gizzard may be described as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the intestine? |
|
Definition
| Most chemical digestion and absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Most chemical digestion and absorption happens in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the anus |
|
Definition
| Undigested food moves out through the anus. |
|
|
Term
| Undigested food moves out through the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does food move through the alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves food through the alimentary canal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of peristalsis? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction along digestive tract and sphincters |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle contraction along digestive tract and sphincters are components of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscular rings that regulate passage of food. |
|
|
Term
| Muscular rings that regulate passage of food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| food mixes with acids and enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| Food mixes with acids and enzymes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Most of digestion and nutrient absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Most of digestion and nutrient absorption happens in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gland of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
| Salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder. |
|
|
Term
| What happen in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| Mechanical and initial chemical digestion. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanical and initial chemical digestion happens... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained in saliva? |
|
Definition
| Mucus, Buffers and Amylase |
|
|
Term
| Mucus, Buffers and Amylase are contained in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water, salt, glycoprotein solution to protect mouth and lubricate food. |
|
|
Term
| Water, salt, glycoprotein solution to protect mouth and lubricate food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begin to digest starch and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| Begin to digest starch and glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chewing with teeth and tongue to increase surface area. |
|
|
Term
| Chewing with teeth and tongue to increase surface area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Throat region at junction of esophagus and trachea. |
|
|
Term
| Throat region at junction of esophagus and trachea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trachea is ________________, esophagus is _______________. |
|
Definition
| Trachea is ventral, esophagus is dorsal. |
|
|
Term
| What is the swallowing reflex? |
|
Definition
| Epiglottis covers opening to trachea. |
|
|
Term
| Epiglottis covers opening to trachea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peristalsis of smoooth muscle to move food to stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Peristalsis of smooth muscle to move food to stomach is the function of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 L can be held or stored by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To break down food, the stomach has |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric juices are had by the ______________ to |
|
Definition
| stomach to help break down food. |
|
|
Term
| What are the gastric juices of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Mucus, HCl and pepsinogen. |
|
|
Term
| Mucus, HCl and pepsinogen are... |
|
Definition
| the gastric juices of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What does mucus do as a gastric juice? |
|
Definition
| Lubricates food and protects stomach lining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does HCl as a gastric juice do? |
|
Definition
| Helps break apart intercellular glue and kills bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Helping to break apart intercellular glue and kill backteria is the function of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When _____________________ is activate by __________________ it _________________________________________________________. |
|
Definition
| When Pepsinogen is activated by HCl, it begins protein digestion by breaking down polypeptides. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the stomach secrete pepsinogen instead of pepsin? |
|
Definition
| Helps to protect the lining of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| At either end of the stomach, there are _______________________ to _________________________. |
|
Definition
| At either end of the stomach, there are sphincters to prevent juice from escaping either end of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Food is to the mouth what ____________ is to the _____________________________. |
|
Definition
| Food is to the mouth what Chyme is to the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partly digested material that enters from stomach. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Duodenum, jejunum and ileum. |
|
|
Term
| Duodenum, jejunum and ileum are... |
|
Definition
| the three parts of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The jejunum and ileum do... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| ~6 meters long, 2.5 centimeters wide. |
|
|
Term
| What are the structures of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Lumen, villi and microvilli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cavity of the intestines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger-like projections in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| The small intestine has large ___________________ from... |
|
Definition
| The small intestine has large surface area from the villi and microvilli. |
|
|
Term
| The ___________________ gets fluids from _______________________________. |
|
Definition
| The small intestine gets fluids from the pancreas and liver. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid of the pancreas that goes to the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes and Alkaline soltuion |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid of the liver that goes to the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Bile that is stored in the gall bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps to emulsify fats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the digested molecules in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Most of them are absorbed into capillaries that lead to the hepatic portal vein. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the hepatic portal vein go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the lipids in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Many lipids go to the lymphatic system and then to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Synthesizes proteins, regulates blood sugar and inactivates toxins |
|
|
Term
| Extra ____________ is stored in the ________________ as ______________. |
|
Definition
| Extra blood sugar is stored in the liver as glycogen. |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate digestion _____________________, protein digestion __________________________ and lipid and nucleic acid digestion ______________________. |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth, protein digestion starts in the stomach and lipid and nucleic acid digestion starts in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colon, cecum and rectum are... |
|
Definition
| the parts of the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is are the functions of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| Water absorption and compacting the feces. |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| ~1.5 meters long and 5 cm in diameter. |
|
|
Term
| The diameter of the ____________________ is twice as large as the _____________________. |
|
Definition
| The diameter of the large intestine is about twice as large as the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pouch for fermentation that is mostly in herbivores. |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ is attached to the ___________. |
|
Definition
| The appendix is attached to the cecum. |
|
|
Term
| ______________ of fluid enters the ________________________________ and around __________ of it is reclaimed mostly by _______________ and the rest by _____________. |
|
Definition
| ~7 liters of fluid enters the lumen of the large intestine each day and 90% of it is reclaimed mostly by the small intestine and the rest by the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Some _______________ bacteria like _________________ produce _________________ which are _________________________ |
|
Definition
| Some colon bacteria such as E. Coli produce vitamins that are absorbed in the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the rectum? |
|
Definition
| Storage of feces until it is eliminated through the anus. |
|
|
Term
| Storage of feces until it is eliminated through the anus is the function of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true of the digestive tract of other vertebrates? |
|
Definition
- Length of digestive tract is related to their diet
- Symbiotic bacteria and protists aid in cellulose digestion
- Microbes in colon and cecum |
|
|
Term
| The digestive system of other vertebrates can be sorted into... |
|
Definition
| Non-ruminants and non-ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Horse, rabbits, some rodents |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between ruminant and non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Ruminants only have four-chambered stomachs and non-ruminants have one. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of non-ruminants? |
|
Definition
| They lose nutrients in their feces and coprophagous. |
|
|
Term
| Losing nutrients in their feces and coprophagous are the characteristics of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eating feces to further extract nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the advantage of the four-chambered stomachs of ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Increased cellulose digestion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four chambers of ruminant stomachs? |
|
Definition
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
- Abomasum |
|
|
Term
| The function of the rumen and reticulum is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chewing cud to help soften forage |
|
|
Term
| Mastication is to the non-ruminant what _________________ is to the __________________. |
|
Definition
| Mastication is the non-ruminant what ruminating is to the Ruminant. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the omasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the abomasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low blood sugar causes... |
|
Definition
| the production of glucagon from the pancreas and Ghrelin from the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stiulates glycogen breakdown. |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of things from which glycogen is broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids have _______________ of ________________ per ____________. |
|
Definition
| Lipids have twice as much energy of carbohydrates per gram. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does raised blood sugar do? |
|
Definition
| Causes the production of Insulin from the pancreas and Leptin from the fat tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes the storage of glucose as glycogen and additional carbs stored as fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
