Term
| What are the ancestors of vascular land plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthetic algae are... |
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Definition
| the ancestors of vascular land plants. |
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Term
| Vascular land plants have specialized structures for: |
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Definition
| Support, anchoring, absorption and photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Support, anchoring, absorption and photosynthesis are functions for which... |
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Definition
| Vascular plants have specialized structures. |
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Term
| Vascular land plants work on the basis of |
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Definition
| Balance cost/benefit analysis |
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Term
| Benefit cost/benefit analysis is the basis for |
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Definition
| how Vascular land plants work. |
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Term
| What is meant by balance cost/benefit analysis? |
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Definition
| Plants look at what they have in their "genetic toolbox" -- that is, what they are capable of doing, and decide if investing energy in something is worth the benefit derived from doing it. |
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Term
| What are examples of balance cost/benefit analysis? |
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Definition
| Gas exchange, surface area, water loss, biomass. |
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Term
| Gas exchange, surface area, water loss and biomass are examples of... |
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Definition
| balance cost/benefit analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channel-like junction connecting cell walls between plant cells to let substances pass through. |
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Term
| Channels connecting cell walls between plant cells to let substances pass through. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four components of capturing light? |
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Definition
| Leaf size, leaf arrangement, leaf orientation, height and branching. |
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Term
| Leaf size, leaf arrangement, leaf orientation, height and branching are what? |
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Definition
| The four components of capturing light. |
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Term
| Leaf size does what what? |
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Definition
| Affects absorption of light, heat and transpiration of water. |
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Term
| Absorption of light, heat and transpiration of water are affected by what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leaf arrangement does what? |
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Definition
| Optimize plant's absorbance and leaf efficiency. |
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Term
| Optimization of the plant's absorbance and leaf efficiency is done by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of balancing cost/benefit in leaf arrangement? |
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Definition
| If the arrangement is to dense ----> shaded leaves respire more than they photosynthesize ---> leaves are shed by self-pruning. |
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Term
| What can leaf orientation do? |
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Definition
| It can cause high light intensity that can damage leaves. |
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Term
| What are the two leaf orientations? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What determines leaf orientation? |
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Definition
| Which is more beneficial as dictated by species and habitat |
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Term
| High light intensity that damages leaves is caused by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Height and branching does what? |
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Definition
| Balances energy demands and resource availability. |
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Term
| Energy demands and resource availability are balanced by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the routes of nutrient transport? |
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Definition
| Apoplast and Symplast routes |
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Term
| Apoplast and Symplast are what? |
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Definition
| the routes of nutrient transport. |
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Term
| Where are apoplast routes located? |
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Definition
| External to plasma membranes of living cells |
|
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Term
| Where are symplast routes located? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does apoplast include? |
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Definition
| Cell walls, extracellular space and dead cells (e.g. Xylem) |
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Term
| In symplast, cells are connected by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of free water molecules from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane. |
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Term
| Movement of free water from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmosis only refers to... |
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Definition
| free water molecules that are not attached to a solute. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lower solute concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Higher solute concentration |
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Term
| Higher solute concentratrion |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower solute concentration |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Combined effects of solute and physical pressure to determine direction of water flow. |
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Term
| What is the symbol of water potential? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What contributes to the physical pressure that adds to water potential? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Evaporation of water from leaves |
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Term
| Evaporation of water from leaves |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does transpiration do? |
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Definition
| Creates negative pressure (tension) to draw water from roots and through the xylem. |
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Term
| What two things have to occur to draw water up through the roots after transpiration? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Holds water molecules together with H-bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Joins water to xylem walls with H-bonds. |
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Term
| Holds molecules together with H-bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| Joins water to xylem walls with H-bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first step involved in absorbing water through the roots and transporting it up through the plant? |
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Definition
| 1. Water and dissolved minerals through the large surface area of root hairs. |
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Term
| What is the second step involved in absorbing water through the roots and transporting it up through the plant? |
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Definition
| 2. Casprian strip forces solution to pass through cell membrane before entering xylem. |
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Term
| What is the third step involved in absorbing water through the roots and transporting it up through the plant? |
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Definition
| 3. Xylem sap moves upward through bulk flow. |
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Term
| Through what kind of route does Xylem sap move and why? |
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Definition
| Apoplast because it is moving through dead cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A waxy layer in the endodermis that forces the solution of the soil to pass through the cell membrane |
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Term
| A waxy later in the endodermis that forces the solution of the soil to pass through the cell membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Casparian Strip's enforcement of the uptake through the cell membrane cause? |
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Definition
| Enables plant regulation of uptake through selectively permeable membranes and transport proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Solution of water and dissolved minerals in the Xylem |
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Term
| Solution of water and dissolved minerals in the Xylem |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When _____________________________ enters the ____________ it is called _________________ |
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Definition
| A solution of water and nutrients enters the xylem, it is called xylem sap. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure driven movement without crossing cell membranes |
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Term
| Pressure driven movement without crossing cell membranes |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure in the roots that causes Xylem sap to move upward. |
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Term
| Pressure in the roots that causes Xylem to move upward. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is root pressure generated? |
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Definition
| Concentrating ions in the xylem tissue through cotransport while the casparian strip prevents the ions from leaking out. |
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Term
| What happens as a result of root pressure? |
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Definition
| Hypertonic solution increases water uptake and presure |
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Term
| True or false: Transpiration is stronger than root pressure as a force? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is Transpiration or root pressure stronger as a force? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three degrees to which plant cells can be filled with water? |
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Definition
| Turgid, flaccid and plasmolyzed. |
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Term
| What is the best state for a plant cell to be in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Firm and filled with water to help support the plant. |
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Term
| Firm and filled with water to help support the plant |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Plants can reduce water loss by... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Closing leaf stomata is a way for plants to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In addition to preventing water loss, what else is caused by the closing of stomata? |
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Definition
| Decreased gas exchange and photosynthesis. |
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Term
| In sum, what is caused by closing leaf stomata? |
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Definition
| Prevention of water loss and decreased gas exchange and photosynthesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Guard cells are swelled by pumping H+ out of the guard cells, causing a charge disbalance, that is fixed by the inflow of K+. This increase in solute inside the guard cells causes osmosis into the guard cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The outflow of K+ ions that puts more solute outside the the guard cells, which causes osmosis outward, and the guard cells become flaccid. |
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Term
| The opening and closing of stoma is a: |
|
Definition
| Charge balance mechanism. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Translocates sugar amino acids, hormones and minerals in phloem sap |
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Term
| The translocation of sugar, amino acids, hormones and minerals in phloem sap is the function of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The contents of phloem move from _____________ to _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Source to sink is the direction of the contents of what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sugar produced by photosynthesis or broken down from starch. |
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Term
| Sugar broken down by photosynthesis or broken down from starch. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Where sugar is used for growth/metabolism |
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Term
| Where sugar is used for growth/metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugar is _______________________ in _____________________________ by _________________________________. |
|
Definition
| Sugar is concentrated in phloem sieve-tube elements by active co-transport. |
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Term
| What is the first step of sugar transport? |
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Definition
| 1. Sugar makes osmotic potential more negative in sieve tube elements. |
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Term
| What is the second step of sugar transport? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third step of sugar transport? |
|
Definition
| 3. Pressure moves phloem sap from source to sink. |
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Term
| What are the basics of soil composition? |
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Definition
| About half is pore space, about half is minerals and about 5% is organic matter. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the minerals in soil? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the size of sand? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of silt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of clay? |
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Definition
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Term
| <0.002 mm is the size of... |
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Definition
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Term
| 0.002 - 0.02 is the size of... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 0.02 - 2 mm is the size of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is organic matter in soil is composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partly decomposed organic matter. |
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Term
| Partly decomposed organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organic matter of soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Air and water are the contents of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large __________ promotes ______________________________ |
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Definition
| Large sand promotes aeration and water drainage. |
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Term
| Small __________ promotes ____________________________ |
|
Definition
| Small clay and silt promotes water and mineral retention |
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Term
| What about the mineral sizes of soil can cause problems for plant growth? |
|
Definition
| Larger sand and smaller silt and clay. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Optimal balance of sand, silt and clay for plant growth |
|
|
Term
| Optimal balance of sand, silt and clay for plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most soil particles have a _____________________ that allows them to ____________________. |
|
Definition
| Most soil particles have a negative charge that allows them to absorb positively charge cations. |
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|
Term
| What are the cations absorbed by the negatively charged soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of cation charge held by the soil |
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Term
| The part of the soil that is holding positive cations is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________________ move easily through the _________________ |
|
Definition
| Anions move easily through soil solution |
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|
Term
| Why do anions easily move through soil solution? |
|
Definition
| Because the negatively-charged soil particles attract cations, not anions. |
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|
Term
| What are the negatively charged anions that flow through soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What largely composes decomposers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________________ convert ___________________ into ___________________________ available __________________________. |
|
Definition
| Decomposers convert organic matter into inorganic nutrients available for uptake by plant roots. |
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|
Term
| What does Humus do to add to nutrient cycling? |
|
Definition
| Humus adds water and nutrient retention to the soil. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of plant macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Fresh weight and dry weight. |
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|
Term
| Fresh weight and dry weight compose what? |
|
Definition
| The two types of plant macronutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic to remember what composes the dry weight of plant macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Horacek cooks saltless chili pour my oddly neurotic palate |
|
|
Term
| What composes the dry weight of plant macronutrients. |
|
Definition
- Hydrogen
- Carbon
- Sulfur
- Calcium
- Phosphorous
- Magnesium
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Potassium |
|
|
Term
| Does this course address macronutrients or micronutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because the dry weight of plant macronutrients are mostly composed of _______________________________, the majority of the plant is composed of _______________. |
|
Definition
| Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen; Carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| Dry weight and fresh weight are the two types of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What composes the fresh weight of plant macronutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main components of dry weight plant macronutrients |
|
Definition
| 45% carbon, 45% oxygen, 6% Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the carbohydrates of the dry weight macronutrients? |
|
Definition
| Mostly cellulose and lignin |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Nitrogen in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight nitrogen in the plant? |
|
Definition
| In the proteins, Nucleic acids and chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Potassium in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight potassium in the plant? |
|
Definition
| Water balance and stomata functioning |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Calcium in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight calcium in the plant? |
|
Definition
| Stability of cell walls, membrane functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Magnesium in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight magnesium in the plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Phosphorous in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight Phosphorous? |
|
Definition
| Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms of Sulfur in dry weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is dry weight sulfur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants grown in water solutions, used to determine effects of nutrient deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Plants grown in water solutions, used to determine effects of nutrient deficiencies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for soil bacteria and plant interactions? |
|
Definition
| Bloated notes ruin my routine |
|
|
Term
| What are the soil bacteria and plant interactions? |
|
Definition
- Bacteria make nutrients available, produce disease-fighting antibiotics and remove toxins.
- Nitrogen cycling
- Root exudates serve as bacterial food sources in the rhizosphere.
- Mutualistic exchange of NH3 for carbohydrates
- Rhizobium bacteria form nodules on legume roots where they "fix" N2 to make NH3 |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of legume roots? |
|
Definition
| Beans, peas, alfalfa, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Things that roots exude, including sugars, amino acids, organic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounding soil where root exudates appear |
|
|
Term
| Surrounding soil where root exudates appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things that roots exude, including sugars, amino acids and organic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conversion of atmospheric N2 and organic N into inorganic NH4+ and NO3- for uptake. |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of atmospheric N2 and organic N into inorganic NH4+ and NO3- for uptake. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fungi-plant interactions? |
|
Definition
- Mutualistic exchange of nutrients and other carbohydrates
- Ectomycorrhizae
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that grow on other plants, absorbing nutrients and moisture through leaves. |
|
|
Term
| Plants that grow on other plants absorbing nutrients and moisture through leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A relationship in which one organism benefits without harming the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epiphytes are ________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasitic plants do what? |
|
Definition
| Absorb nutrients from host plant or host mycorrhizae |
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|
Term
| The plants that absorb nutrients from host plant or host mycorrhizae are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do carnivorous plants do? |
|
Definition
| Attract animals to supplement minerals |
|
|
Term
| Where do carnivorous plants grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides the energy of carnivorous plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: carnivorous plants get all of their energy from their prey |
|
Definition
| False: Carnivorous plants get most of their energy from photosynthesis. |
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|
