Term
| What is form and function based on? |
|
Definition
| Genetic variation "tested" by environmental conditions in the form of trial and error testing. |
|
|
Term
| What does genetic variation "tested" by environment conditions include? |
|
Definition
| Physical laws, rates of diffusion, heat exchange, etc |
|
|
Term
| Rate of _________________ is _________________ to ___________________________. |
|
Definition
| Rate of exchange is proportional to surface area of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Amount needed to ______________________ is ____________________ to _________________________. |
|
Definition
| Amount needed to exchange is proportional to cell volume. |
|
|
Term
| When do organisms have simple methods of exchange? |
|
Definition
| When they are single-celled or have simply body plans |
|
|
Term
| When organisms are single-celled or have simple body plans, they also have... |
|
Definition
| simple methods of exchange. |
|
|
Term
| What is true of the cells of more complex organisms and their exchanges with the environment? |
|
Definition
| The cells of more complex organisms each require sufficient rates of exchange and contact with the environment. |
|
|
Term
| What does the exchange of more complex organisms allow for? |
|
Definition
| Maintaining internal homeostasis in more variable environments. |
|
|
Term
| Closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two additional components found in a closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid and gases, nutrients and wastes are diffused or pumped between cells and fluids and between fluid types. |
|
|
Term
| What are exchanges between in a closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
- Cells and fluids
- Between fluid types |
|
|
Term
| What ratio is better for higher exchange rates? |
|
Definition
| High surface area to low total volume ratio. |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for surface area? |
|
Definition
| (height x width of each surface) x the number of those surfaces with those dimensions |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for total volume? |
|
Definition
| (height x width x length) x the number of those units with those dimensions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for surface-to-volume ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic to remember the the order of increasingly complexity in the formation of living things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of increasingly complex things that form living things |
|
Definition
| Atoms - Molecules - Organelles - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support cells that nourish, insulate and replenish neurons |
|
|
Term
| Support cells that nourish, insulate and replenish neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the digestive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| Internal distribution of materials |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the immune and lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the excretory system? |
|
Definition
| Disposal of metabolic wastes and regulation of osmotic balance of blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the Endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| Coordination of body activities |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the Reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the Integumentary system? |
|
Definition
| Protection against mechanical injury, infection and dehydration; thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system? |
|
Definition
| Body support, protection of internal organs, movement. |
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of the muscular system? |
|
Definition
| Locomotion and other movement |
|
|
Term
| Which systems are for coordination and control? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine system and nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What are the four features of the Endocrine system? |
|
Definition
- Slower response, but longer duration
- Signal (hormone) through blood
- Cells with proper hormone receptors respond
- Growth, development, reproduction, metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the four features of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
- Faster response but shorter duration
- Signal (nerve impulse) through nerve
- Cells directly associated with nerve cell respond
- Rapid response to environment |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the features of the Endocrine system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the features of the Nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Feign sickness, carry riches |
|
|
Term
| What are the feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback |
|
|
Term
| negative feedback and positive feedback are... |
|
Definition
| the feedback mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response that reduces the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Response that reduces the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response that amplifies the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response that amplifies the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Which kind of feedback is the more typical kind of feedback? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two example of a stimulus and response in negative feedback? |
|
Definition
- Increased temperature leads to sweating
- Low blood sugar leads to hunger |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a stimulus and response in positive feedback? |
|
Definition
| Pressure during childbirth leads to contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological changes cycling roughly every 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| Physiological changes cycling roughly every 24 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: circadian rhythms occur only in plants. |
|
Definition
| False: circadian rhythms occur in both plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| In what kind of organisms do circadian rhythms occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maintenance internal body temperature |
|
|
Term
| Maintenance of internal body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal temperature varies from _____________ to _______________ |
|
Definition
| Optimal temperature varies from species to species |
|
|
Term
| ______________ _______________________ varies from species to species |
|
Definition
| Optimal temperature varies from species to species |
|
|
Term
| True or false: all species have the same optimal temperature |
|
Definition
| False: optimal temperature varies from species to species |
|
|
Term
| What does temperature effect? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion rates, membrane fluidity, enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| What are two drastic changes that can happen due to a change in temperature? |
|
Definition
- Warming or cooling by 10*C can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of 2
- Temperatures that are too warm can denature enzymes and make them non-functional |
|
|
Term
| Warming or cooling body temperature by _________ can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of _____ |
|
Definition
| Warming or cooling body temperature by 10*C can increase or decrease enzyme activity by a factor of 2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications for how organisms heat their bodies? |
|
Definition
| Endothermic and ectothermic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat primarily through metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Heat primarily through metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heat primarily gained from environment |
|
|
Term
| Heat primarily gained from environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of organisms that are endothermic? |
|
Definition
| Mammals, birds, some non-avian reptiles, some fish, many insects |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of organisms that are ectothermic? |
|
Definition
| Amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, most invertebrates |
|
|
Term
| Endothermic and ectothermic heat effect... |
|
Definition
| the food requirements and activity levels of organisms |
|
|
Term
| What are the food requirements and activity level of ectotherms as a consequence of being ecothermic? |
|
Definition
| Ectotherms need less food, but they also have a lower activity level |
|
|
Term
| What are the food requirements and activity level of endotherms as a consequence of being endothermic? |
|
Definition
| Endotherms have higher activity levels, but they also require more food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organism that has relatively constant body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organism whose body temperature varies with the environment |
|
|
Term
| What are the classifications for an organism's body temperature |
|
Definition
| Homemotherm and Poikilotherm |
|
|
Term
| Organism whose body temperature varies with the environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organism whose body tempeature is relatively constant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does homeotherm and poikilotherm relate to ectotherm and endotherm? |
|
Definition
| An ectotherm can be a homeotherm and a poikilotherm, but an endotherm can only be a homeotherm. |
|
|
Term
| Heat moves from _____________________ to ____________________ |
|
Definition
| Heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways through which heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature |
|
Definition
- Convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
- Conduction |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the ways through which heat moves from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature |
|
Definition
| Crafting radical exam conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cooling from liquid to gas |
|
|
Term
| cooling from liquid to gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer from air or liquid pass a surface |
|
|
Term
| Transfer from air or liquid passing a surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct transfer between touching objects |
|
|
Term
| Direct transfer between touching objects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves as insulation for animals? |
|
Definition
| Skin, fat, hair, feathers |
|
|
Term
| What are three features of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
- Vasodilation
- Vasoconstriction
- Countercurrent exchange |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the three features of the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does vasodilation do for heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| Increases heat exchange with environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does vasoconstriction do for heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| Decreases heat exchange with environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| Transfer heat between blood flowing in opposite direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does countercurrent exchange do for the heat exchange? |
|
Definition
| Reduces heat exchange with environment, maintaining core body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What do animals do to benefit from evaporation as a thermoregulatory technique? |
|
Definition
| Sweating and panting in birds and mammals |
|
|
Term
| What are the the things used for thermoregulation by animals? |
|
Definition
- Insulation
- Circulatory system
- Evaporation
- Thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the mnemonic for the things used for thermoregulation by animals? |
|
Definition
| If tea could evaporate... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic heat production |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic heat production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of thermogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Muscle activity, shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Nonshivering thermogenesis |
|
Definition
| Mitochondira generates more heat and less ATP by bypassing ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
| Where does nonshiveing thermogenesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brown fat is found in abundance in... |
|
Definition
| Infants and hibernating animals |
|
|
Term
| Infants and hibernating animals have an abundance of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brown fat usually has what process? |
|
Definition
| Nonshivering thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the brain that controls negative thermogenetic feedback |
|
|
Term
| Part of the brain that controls negative thermogenetic feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the letters for Basal Metabolic Rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy use by a resting adult with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress and at a comfortable temperature |
|
|
Term
| Energy use by a resting adult with an empty stomach, not experiencing stress and at a comfortable temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors of a person is Basal Metabolic Rate influenced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a more extreme response to stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hibernation and Estivation are both types of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short term slowing of metabolism in response to extreme heat, cold or inadequate food |
|
|
Term
| Short term slowing of metabolism in response to extreme heat, cold or inadequate food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of animals usually go through Torpor? |
|
Definition
| Generally smaller animals |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an animal experiencing Torpor? |
|
Definition
| A Hummingbird drops their night-time temperature to 25* C (45* F) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long term torpor from cold and/or reduced food |
|
|
Term
| Long term torpor from cold and/or reduced food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Torpor in response to hot, dry conditions |
|
|
Term
| Torpor in response to hot/dry conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what temperature can the body nearly drop in hibernation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The body can nearly drop to 0* C (32*F) in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
