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Bio
Plant Diversity
77
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2013

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Term
How long have plants been on land?
Definition
~500 million years
Term
How did plants move onto land?
Definition
Aquatic Algae species developed an increased tolerance for less wet conditions, gradually evolved and became terrestrial plants.
Term
Terrestrial
Definition
On land
Term
How many known species of plants are there?
Definition
Over 290,000 known species.
Term
What are the common traits of plants?
Definition
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotic
- Photosynthetic autotrophs
Term
What is the life cycle of land plants defined by?
Definition
Alternation of Generations
Term
The word ending "phyte" should signal
Definition
Plant.
Term
Mitosis results in..
Definition
2 cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
Term
Meiosis results in...
Definition
4 cells with 1/2 the chromosome number of the parent cell.
Term
What is the sequence of stages in a land plant's life cycle?
Definition
Sporophyte, Spore, Gametophyte, Gamete, Sporophyte
Term
How may a Sporophyte be characterized?
Definition
Multicellular diploid.
Term
How may a Spore be characterized?
Definition
unicellular Haploid
Term
How are Spores produced?
Definition
Sporophytes that goes through meiosis
Term
Sporophytes produce...
Definition
Spores
Term
What does meiosis do to the number of alleles?
Definition
It halves the number
Term
How may a Gametophyte be characterized?
Definition
A multicellular haploid
Term
How may gametes be characterized?
Definition
Single-celled haploid
Term
The two unicellular stages in the life cycle are:
Definition
Spore and Gamete
Term
What is unique about the gamete stage of the plant's life cycle?
Definition
It requires two gametes to fertilize.
Term
What are the two generations in Alternations of Generations?
Definition
Sporophyte and Gametophyte.
Term
What are gametophytes like in seed plants?
Definition
Microscopic and contained within the sporophyte.
Term
How are embryos nutritionally supported?
Definition
Placental transfer cells.
Term
Placental transfer cells
Definition
The connection through which the transfer of nutrients from the parent plant to the embryo.
Term
Where are the placental transfer cells?
Definition
In the gametophyte.
Term
True or false: the sporophyte never leaves the gametophyte in seed plants.
Definition
False: the gametophyte never leaves the sporophyte in seed plants.
Term
What is the difference in reproductive ability between algal plants and land plants?
Definition
Land plants can reproduce in dryer and harsher conditions than their algal ancestors.
Term
Apical Meristems
Definition
Growth regions in tips of roots and shoots to access nutrients and sunlight.
Term
How do land plants access additional resources considering they have no motility
Definition
Apical Meristems.
Term
The two kinds of land plants are:
Definition
Vascular and non-vascular.
Term
Vascular Plants
Definition
Having specialized tissue to conduct water and nutrients throughout plant.
Term
Non-vascular Plants
Definition
Lacking vascular tissue.
Term
What phyla comprises most of the extant plants?
Definition
Angiosperms are way, way, way by far the most numerous.
Term
What are the characterisitcs of Bryophytes?
Definition
Nonvascular, herbaceous
Term
Herbaceous
Definition
Non-woody
Term
How do Bryophytes proliferate?
Definition
Spore dispersal.
Term
What is the dominant stage in bryophytes?
Definition
Gametophyte
Term
Archegonium
Definition
Female plant part that produces and retains the egg.
Term
How do sperm get to the egg in bryophytes?
Definition
They swim through water film using flagella.
Term
What happens to the sporophyte in bryophytes?
Definition
It grows out of and remains dependent on the gametophyte.
Term
Lycophyta and Pterophyta are more commonly known as...
Definition
Ferns, club moss, horsetail, etc.
Term
What are the characterisitcs of Lycophyta and Pterophyta?
Definition
Vascular, seedless, herbaceous plants.
Term
How do sperm get to the egg in Lycophyta and Pterophyta?
Definition
Their flagellated sperm swim in water.
Term
What is the dominant generation for lycophyta and pterophyta?
Definition
Sporophyte
Term
Is sporophyte dominant in lycophyta and pterophyta? Why or why not?
Definition
Yes, because it is not dependant on the gametophyte for nutrients
Term
Vascular plants have the two following kinds of tubes:
Definition
Xylem and Phloem
Term
Xylem tubes do what?
Definition
Conduct water and minerals.
Term
What are Xylem tubes made of?
Definition
Lignan
Term
Lignan
Definition
Complex molecule with variable forms.
Term
What does lignan do?
Definition
Provides structural support and helps conduct water.
Term
Lignan corresponds to...
Definition
Xylem
Term
What do phloem tubes do?
Definition
Conducts sugars, amino acids, etc.
Term
Xylem tubes transport substances from where?
Definition
The roots.
Term
Phloem tubes transport substances from where?
Definition
The leaves.
Term
What are the two things that most vascular plants have?
Definition
leaves and roots.
Term
What is the evolutionary advantage of leaves?
Definition
Increased surface area for more photosynthesis and gas exchange.
Term
What is the evolutionary advantage of roots?
Definition
Support, greater height and access to water and minerals.
Term
Do vascular or non-vascular plants tend to be taller?
Definition
Vascular.
Term
Is water required for fertilization in mosses and other non-vascular plants?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Is water required for fertilization in ferns and other seedless vascular plants?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Is water required for fertilization in seed plants?
Definition
No.
Term
Is sporophyte dominant in mosses and non-vascular plants?
Definition
No. It is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition.
Term
Is gameotophyte dominant in mosses and non-vascular plants?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Is gametophyte dominant in ferns and other vascular plants?
Definition
No. It is reduced.
Term
True or false: the gametophyte is dependant on the sporophyte in ferns and other vascular plants.
Definition
False: The gametophyte is independent of the sporophyte in ferns and other vascular plants.
Term
Is sporophyte dominant in seed plants?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Is gametophyte dominant in seed plants?
Definition
No, it is reduced.
Term
True or false: the gametophyte is independant of the sporophyte in seed plants.
Definition
False: the gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte in seed plants.
Term
Seed
Definition
Embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat.
Term
Which type of plant has non-motile sperm?
Definition
Seed plants.
Term
Why do seed plants not require water for fertilization?
Definition
They have non-motile sperm.
Term
The two types of seed plants?
Definition
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
Term
Gymnosperm have...
Definition
Exposed seeds.
Term
Angiosperms have...
Definition
Contained seeds.
Term
Where are the seeds in angiosperms?
Definition
In fruit.
Term
Where are the seed in gymnosperms?
Definition
Exposed.
Term
True or false: all brycophytes reproduce sexually.
Definition
False: some brycophytes reproduce asexually.
Term
Where is the egg produced and contained?
Definition
Archegonium
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