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| An array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem. |
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| Membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. |
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| Process by which green plants incorporate carbon atoms from atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars. The second stage of photosynthesis. |
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| Mechanism in which a gradient of hydrogen ions (a pH gradient) across a membrane is used to drive an energy-requiring process, such as ATP production or the transport of a molecule across a membrane. |
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| Light-absorbing pigment that plays a central part in photosynthesis. |
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| Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. |
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| Photosynthetic process involving photosystem 1 only, by which chloroplasts can generate ATP without making NADPH. |
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| cyclic photophosphorylation |
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| Colored, heme-containing protein that transfers electrons during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. |
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| Large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and the mitochondrion. Last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain. |
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| A series of membrane-embedded electron carrier molecules along which electrons move from a higher to a lower energy level, as in oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. |
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| One of a family of electron transporters containing iron atoms linked to sulfur atoms and cysteine side chains; found in electron-transport chains such as those in mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
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| Most generally, a space within which something is formed. In cell biology, this word often refers to the large internal compartment of the mitochondrion. The mitochondrial matrix contains a concentrated mixture of special enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions, as well as the mitochondrial genome and the proteins needed to express mitochondrial genes. |
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| Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells. |
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| Conversion of nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic molecules by soil bacteria and cyanobacteria. |
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| Process in bacteria and mitochondria in which AATP formation is driven by the transfer of electrons from food molecules to molecular oxygen. Involves the intermediate generation of a pH gradient across a membrane and chemiosmotic coupling. |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| The process by which plants and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
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| Large multi-protein complex containing chlorophyll that captures light energy. |
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| Small, lipid-soluble, mobile electron carrier molecule found in the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transport chains. |
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| In photosynthetic membranes, a protein complex that contains a specialized pair of chlorophyll molecules that performs photochemical reactions to convert the energy of photons (light) into high-energy electrons for transport down the photosynthetic electron-transport chain. |
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| Pair of molecules in which one acts as an electron donor and one as an electron acceptor in an oxidation-reduction reaction; for example, NADH (electron donor) and NAD+ (electron acceptor). |
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| A measure of the tendency of a given redox pair to donate electrons (act as a reducing agent) or to accept electrons (act as an oxidizing agent). |
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| A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another. An oxidation-reduction reaction. |
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| (1) The connective tissue in which a glandular or other epithelium is embedded. (2) The large interior space of a chloroplast, containing enzymes that incorporate CO2 into sugars in the carbon-fixation stage of photosynthesis. |
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