Term
| A generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population defines |
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Definition
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Term
| organic compounds must contain both |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sweep materials over outer surface of cells |
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Term
| the nuclear division of cell reproduction is called |
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Definition
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Term
| the energy currency of cells is called |
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Definition
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Term
| All the organisms on your campus make up |
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Definition
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Term
| Systems biology is mainly an attempt to |
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Definition
| understand the behavior of entire biological systems. |
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Term
| Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because |
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Definition
| protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack. |
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Term
| Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms? |
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Definition
| structure & function of DNA |
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Term
| what best determines hypotheses from theories? |
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Definition
| hypotheses are often narrow in scope, theories are much broader |
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Term
| what is correct logic of scientific inquiry? |
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Definition
| if my hypothesis is correct, i can expect certain test results |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reaction that breaks a polymer down to its individual monomers |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reaction used to BUILD polymers by joining individual monomers together |
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Definition
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Term
| monomer used to build nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| monomers used to build lipids |
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Definition
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Term
| in carbohydrates the bond used to link monomers is |
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Definition
| glycosidic linkages between 1:4 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| count backwards from the lone OH or functional group which is 6 |
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Term
| the bond used to covalently link monomers in LIPIDS is |
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Definition
| ester linkages between glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
| bond used to covalently link monomers of PROTEINS are |
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Definition
| peptide bonds between the amino and carboxyl group |
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Term
| bond used to covalently link monomers in NUCLEIC ACIDS is |
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Definition
| phosphodiester linkage (backbone of DNA) |
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Term
| carbohydrates two functions are |
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Definition
| energy and structure (chitin-exoskeleton) (cellulose for cell walls) |
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Term
| three major functions for lipids |
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Definition
| energy storage, steroids/hormones and part of cell membranes |
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Term
| order from least branched to most branched glucose polymers: amylopection, amylose, glycogen |
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Definition
LEAST: amylose
then amylopectin
last is glycogen |
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Term
| its good that glycogen is highly branched because |
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Definition
| its easily used and easy to break some bonds |
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Term
| in starch all glucose monomers are in the (alpha/beta) configuration contrastingly all monomers of cellulose are in the (alpha/beta) |
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Definition
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Term
| unsaturated fats means theres |
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Definition
| at least one double bond that bends it |
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Term
| unsaturated fats are more likely to be in a (gaseous/liquid/solid) state |
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Definition
|
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Term
| unsaturated fats are more likely to be in a (gaseous/liquid/solid) state |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the differences between a phospholipid and a fat are that |
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Definition
| phospholipid third groups is a phosphate group and a fat only has two tails not three |
|
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Term
| all proteins are polypeptides. are all polypeptides proteins? |
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Definition
| no. all proteins are functional polypeptides |
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Term
| if amino acids are nonpolar bonding with another amino acid then it is also |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of bonds are important for secondary structure |
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Definition
|
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Term
| two regular patterns of secondary structure seen in proteins are |
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Definition
| alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of interactions in tertiary structures? |
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Definition
| van der waals, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ionic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the unraveling of a protein and loss of its shape |
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Term
| purines structure has ___ rings together |
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Definition
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Term
| the 3 components of a nucelotide are |
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Definition
| phosphate group, pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base |
|
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Term
| what type of bonds hold the two strands of a DNA molecule together? |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases |
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Term
| the DNA strands are anti parallel because |
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Definition
| the two sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'-3' directions from each other |
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Term
| the DNA strands are anti parallel because |
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Definition
| the two sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'-3' directions from each other |
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Term
| Do all living things require oxygen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| all living things must be able to ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
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Term
| in an ecosystem, nutrients ___ and energy ____ |
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Definition
| cycle and energy flows through |
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Term
| The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what domain is prokaryotic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| natural selection tends to act at the ___ level |
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Definition
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Term
| Experimentation is only one part of the process of scientific inquiry, but it is a very important step because it _____ |
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Definition
| allows rejection of the hypothesis |
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Term
| Two garden plots were planted with corn. The soil was similar in each, and equal amounts of water were applied to each plot. One plot was fertilized, and the other was not. The experimenters measured the yield as bushels of corn from each plot. The plot that did not receive the fertilizer was the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| At which point is a scientific investigator most likely to use deductive reasoning? |
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Definition
| in establishing a test of a hypothesis |
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Term
| A company was testing a new drug it thought would help decrease the risk of transmission of viruses from mother to fetus. In an experiment to test the compound, an investigator gave 400 pregnant female rats a small dose of the experimental drug and inoculated each with a type of virus known to cause disease in rats. At the same time, 400 other pregnant rats were given only the virus. Of the rat pups born to the females that received both the virus and the drug, 203 showed no symptoms of the disease; 205 rat pups born to the virus-only females showed symptoms. From these data, we can best conclude _____. |
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Definition
| that the drug seems to have little effect on viral transmission at the dosage given |
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Term
| Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope 32P has |
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Definition
|
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Term
| We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons-for example, 2p+, 2n0, 2e- for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen make up _______% of living mass. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are _____ naturally occurring elements |
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Definition
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Term
| Isotopes of an element will always differ in _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A particular carbon isotope has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 14. The respective number of neutrons, protons, and electrons that this carbon isotope has is _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Potassium (atomic number 19, mass number 40) and sodium (atomic number 11, mass number 23) have similar chemical properties and reactive behavior. This is because uncharged atoms of potassium and sodium _____. |
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Definition
| have different mass numbers and each has one electron in its outermost electron shell |
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Term
| A neutral tomic chlorine has an atomic number of 17. It has _____ electrons in its third shell. |
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Definition
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Term
| For most atoms, a stable configuration of electrons is attained when the atom _____ |
|
Definition
| has 8 electrons in the outermost shell |
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Term
| When one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two neutral atoms, what type of bond is formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| A polar covalent bond is a bond that _____. |
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Definition
| has shared electrons pulled closer to the more electronegative atom |
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Term
| A covalent bond is likely to be polar if _____. |
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Definition
| one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative |
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Term
| Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? |
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Definition
| the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds |
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Term
| We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their |
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Definition
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Term
| A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn the pizza and use all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold water, what would be the approximate increase in the temperature of the water? (Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.) |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon has __ valence electrons |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| hydroxyl, carbonoxyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfahydryl, phosphate, methyl |
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Term
| methyl group is important in |
|
Definition
| controlling expression of DNA |
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Term
| the orientation of amino acids in a polypeptide is |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2nd structure of proteins are determined directly by |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids |
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Term
| tertiary structure is made up of interactions with |
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Definition
| R groups, disulfide bridges, Van der Waals |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non polar atoms mean ____ interactions |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| change from glutamic acid to valine represents |
|
Definition
| replacing acidic amino acid to non polar |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the interactions that give the protein its 3D shape depends on PH, salt concentration, and temperature
OFTEN REVERSIBLE |
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Term
| monomers that comprise DNA and RNA are |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a nitrogenous base and a sugar but NO phosphate group |
|
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Term
| defect in hemoglobin that gives rise to sickle cell anemia is a change in one amino acid from glutamic acid to valine. Likely due to |
|
Definition
| a change in one nitrogenous base in gene for hemoglobin |
|
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Term
| sickle cell disease is a slight change in ___ structure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP has 3 ____ groups and ___ level of energy |
|
Definition
| 3 phosphate groups and high level of energy |
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Term
| The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which action would involve the greatest transfer of heat? |
|
Definition
| condensing 5g of steam to liquid water |
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Term
| Imagine that organisms consisted of 70-95% alcohol instead of 70-95% water. Alcohol's specific heat is about half that of water. How would living things be different? |
|
Definition
| Systems for temperature regulation would have to be much more efficient. |
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Term
| The reason that coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates is due primarily to water's high _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are cell membranes composed primarily of hydrophobic molecules? |
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Definition
| In order to perform their function of separating the aqueous solutions outside of cells from the aqueous solutions inside of cells, cell membranes cannot be soluble in water. |
|
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Term
| does the hydrophobicity affect pH? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Sucrose has a molecular mass of 342 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of sucrose, _____. |
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Definition
| stir 342 g of sucrose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 0.5 L |
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Term
| Pure water has a pH of 7. Why does uncontaminated rainwater have a pH of 5.6? |
|
Definition
| formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
| Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern? |
|
Definition
| More carbon dioxide causes an increase in carbonic acid (H2CO3), which leads to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion (CO32-). |
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Term
| The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the _____. |
|
Definition
| carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms |
|
|
Term
| structural isomers differ in |
|
Definition
| the covalent bonds between their atoms |
|
|
Term
| geometric isomers vary in |
|
Definition
| their arrangement around a double bond |
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|
Term
| Organic chemistry is currently defined as |
|
Definition
| the study of carbon compounds |
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Term
| Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which action could produce a carbonyl group? |
|
Definition
| the replacement of the –OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the six most important chemical elements of life? |
|
Definition
| carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur |
|
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Term
| Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanley Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis _____. |
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Definition
| identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller |
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Term
| A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation? |
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Definition
| The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans. |
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Term
| The first organic molecule to be synthesized from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from inorganic substances was _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that _____ |
|
Definition
| a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere |
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Term
| A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from _____ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. |
|
Definition
| six hydrogen, three carbon |
|
|
Term
| which functional group is present in all amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two are found in all amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and hexanoic acid each contain six carbon atoms, but they have completely different properties. Glucose is a nutrient found in food; hexanoic acid is poisonous. Their differences must be due to different _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They _____. |
|
Definition
| are all hydrophillic and increase an organic compounds water solubility |
|
|
Term
| Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they _____. |
|
Definition
| all share the same functional group: HYDROXYL -OH |
|
|
Term
| is R-NH2 a weak base or a weak acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is R-COOH a weak base or a weak acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a unique functional property of the carboxyl group? |
|
Definition
| The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. |
|
|
Term
| Which functional group is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water that cells can harvest to perform many functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid (ABA)? |
|
Definition
| carboxyl -COOH cause it donates protons |
|
|
Term
| Carboxyl is to _____ as _____ is to base. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ATP's importance in the cell? |
|
Definition
| ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes. |
|
|
Term
| energy is released from ATP when a ___ group is removed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the a form. What 3 things can it break down? |
|
Definition
| glycogen, starch and amylopectin |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? |
|
Definition
| The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken. |
|
|
Term
| The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? |
|
Definition
| 5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′ |
|
|
Term
| The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) _____ bond. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is cellulose a monomer or polymer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____ |
|
Definition
| polymer made of many glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
| Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? |
|
Definition
| Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units. |
|
|
Term
| In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has a lower molecular weight: cellulose or glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a 1-4 glycosidic linkage, _____. |
|
Definition
| he number 1 carbon in one monosaccharide is bound to the number 4 carbon in another monosaccharide |
|
|
Term
| glycosidic linkages are found in ___ not in ___- |
|
Definition
| carbs not in nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can't the same enzyme break down cellulose |
|
Definition
| The monosaccharide monomers in cellulose are bonded together differently than in starch. |
|
|
Term
| cellulose form is ____ starchs form is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a distinguishing feature of most naturally occurring fats? |
|
Definition
| Nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fats have cis double bonds. |
|
|
Term
| The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a small droplet of triacylglycerol molecules is suspended in water, the fat molecules form a "ball of spaghetti" with no particular orientation. But if a droplet of phospholipid molecules is put in water, all the molecules point outward, toward the water. Phospholipids are forced into this orientation because phospholipids have _____. |
|
Definition
| a charged and a non charged end |
|
|
Term
| The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High cholesterol levels are considered a major risk factor for heart disease. If it is so bad for humans, why does the body make cholesterol in the first place? |
|
Definition
| cholesterol is the base for many important molecules like sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the major energy storage compound of plant seeds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some lipids are formed when fatty acids are linked to glycerol. These subunits are linked together by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a protein is denatured, why does it lose its functionality? |
|
Definition
| Denaturation breaks the weak bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, that hold the protein in its three-dimensional shape. Without the proper shape, the protein cannot function. |
|
|
Term
protein, sucrose, glucose, water
why is sucrose smaller than glucose? |
|
Definition
| sucrose is a disaccharide, glucose is a monosaccharide |
|
|
Term
| A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are pyrimidines found in the nucleic acid DNA? |
|
Definition
| thymine, cytosine, guanine (purine though) |
|
|
Term
| Although the base pairing between two strands of DNA in a DNA molecule can be thousands to millions of base pairs long, base pairing in an RNA molecule is limited to short stretches of nucleotides in the same molecule or between two RNA molecules. True or False? |
|
Definition
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