Term
| the three types of cellular life |
|
Definition
archaea, bacteria (both prokaryotic)
and Eukaryota |
|
|
Term
| an aqueous droplet surrounded by a membrane is a ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipids added to water can spontaneously form ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protists are ___ celled and ____karyotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Cell (plasma) membrane
2. Semi-fluid interior = cytoplasm (aka cytosol)
3. DNA organized into chromosome/s
4. Ribosomes
what are these 4 attributes? |
|
Definition
| These 4 elements are common to all cells |
|
|
Term
| the difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is |
|
Definition
| eukaryotes have a true nucleus & membrane bound organelles |
|
|
Term
| nuceloids are found in ___ cells |
|
Definition
| prokaryotic cells ( DNA in unbound region) |
|
|
Term
| the differences between Archaea and Bacteria are |
|
Definition
| membrane lipids difffer, archaea has extremophiles, cell walls are made differently |
|
|
Term
| Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes occurs at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ the surface to volume ratio, the less effective is exchange of gases & nutrients per unit of volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To get big, increase _____ not cell size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light microscopy is special because you can see |
|
Definition
| cells while theyre still alive |
|
|
Term
| __ ____ Separates cellular components based on size and density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasmodesmata only occurs in ___ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lysosomes, centrosomes & centrioles, flagella
These are only found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nucleus can be seen in ____ microscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ ___ encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the___ ____, which is composed of protein filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ condenses to form discrete chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations: |
|
Definition
1. in the cytosol
2. on the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
These are all components of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phospholipids are made in ____ ER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth doesn't have ribosomes |
|
|
Term
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Chemically alters exogenous compouds
Drug metabolism
Detoxifies poison
Stores calcium
These are all the functions of the ___ ___ ____ |
|
Definition
| the 4 functions of Smooth ER |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptide often combined with carbohydrate is a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flattened membrane sacs of the Golgi are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Further modification of the glycoproteins received from the ER
Modification of phospholipids
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
These are the functions of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cis face is the ____ side of the golgi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Last step before protein leaves golgi = ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes that break down macromolecules are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules with an acidic interior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| engulfing smaller organisms or food particles is a process known as ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysosomes have enzymes which can break down the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules, a process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic compounds and water |
|
|
Term
___ and ____:
Are not part of the endomembrane system
Have a double membrane
Have proteins made by free ribosomes
Contain their own circular DNA |
|
Definition
| Ribosomes and Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria is necessary for the ___ reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "powerhouse of the cell" is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The chloroplast is a member of a family of organelles called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___ are Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
Functions:
Detoxify harmful compounds (alcohol) by converting to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Then convert the hydrogen peroxide to water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Organizes the cell’s structures and activities
Anchors many organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the functions of the cytoskeleton are |
|
Definition
| support and movement within the cell |
|
|
Term
Hollow rod
Tubulin
Thickest
these are charcteristics of ___ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actin is part of the ___ type of fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shaping the cell – resist compression
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division
Major components of Centrioles & Centrosomes Flagella
Cilia
these are all functions of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is a microtubule-organizing center. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A motor protein called ____ drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments have ___ & ___ roles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microfilaments are ___ bearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain the protein _____ in addition to actin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______ are more permanent parts of the cytoskeleton than the other two classes
They support cell shape and fix organelles in place |
|
Definition
| intermediate microfilaments |
|
|
Term
Functions in signal reception
Important in kidney, brain function and embryonic development.
Defect in it = polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ make up cell walls in Bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram ___ has simpler cell wall, lots of peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells (pectin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
allow passage of water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) from cell to cell
only in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of glycoprotein. Has small protein core with lots of polysaccharide (up to 95%) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collagen, fibronectin and proteoglycan make up the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid are ___ junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells are ___ junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (anchoring junctions) fasten cells together into strong sheets are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ junctions prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Simple
Osmosis
Facilitated
are all mechanisms of ___ transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ in the plasma membrane can move within the bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ is a specialized preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ ___ depends on what types of fatty acids compose the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane fluidity is ___ dependenet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of cholesterol is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ stabilizes membranes by decreasing fluidity at
body temperature and by interfering with tight packing of
phospholipids at cooler temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dynein is a motor protein associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the membrane proteins of the fluid mosaic model are amphipathic which means |
|
Definition
| they have both hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions |
|
|
Term
| membrane fluidity depends on |
|
Definition
| what types of fatty acids compose the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| ___ determine most of membrane's specific functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integral proteins that span the membrane are called _____ proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. transport
2. enzyme activity
3. signal transduction
4. cell to cell recognition
5. interception
6. attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
these are 6 major functions of _____ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This asymmetrical distribution of proteins, lipids, and associated carbohydrates in the plasma membrane is determined when the membrane is built by the ___ and the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrients, water and oxygen go into the membrane via selective permeability and ___ & ___ come out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concentrations of _____ ions are regulated by selective permeability, sometimes against their concentration gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| polar, charged molecules like sugars and ions cross the membrane ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does water need help to cross the membrane>? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water filled pore (uses channel called aquaporins for water) |
|
|
Term
| carrier proteins are able to ___ ___ which allows for no direct connection with outside and in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in passive transport there is _____ and you go from ___ to ___ concentration. Two examples are: |
|
Definition
| no energy needed. you go from HIGH TO LOW concentration and two examples are diffusion and osmosis |
|
|
Term
| Active Transport: ____ needed and you go from ___ to ___. Two examples are |
|
Definition
| Energy needed. You can go from low to high or high to low. Examples are: Na+ K pump and H+ pump |
|
|
Term
Molecule size
Temperature
Medium
Volatility
these are the four factors that affect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tendency of molecules to spread within the available space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water diffuses across membrane from ___ concentration to ____ concentration |
|
Definition
| low to high concentration |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ solution: Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ solution: Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diffusion requires a ____ ____ if the membrane is not permeable to the solute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ & _____ proteins carry out facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| carrier and channel proteins |
|
|
Term
| Facilitated diffusion is still passive because the solute |
|
Definition
| moves down its concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| active transport is performed |
|
Definition
| specific proteins embedded in the membranes |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of active transport are: __porter, ___porter, __porter |
|
Definition
uniporter-1 solute 1 direction
symporter- 2 solutes one direction
antiporter- 2 solutes different directions |
|
|
Term
| Concentration gradient established by Na+/K+ pump favors movement of ___ into cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
primary active transport uses ____ directly.
Secondary active uses ____ |
|
Definition
| ATP; energy supplied by electrical gradients and ion channels |
|
|
Term
| The ____ pump is the main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, & bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants use the gradient of ____ __generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ is the voltage difference across a membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrochemical gradient can power |
|
Definition
| secondary active transport and signals in neurons |
|
|
Term
| can be physical stimulus such as light or a chemical such as an odor molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the sequence of events that leads to the cell’s response to the signal |
|
Definition
| signal transduction pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct cell to cell contact, adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ signaling produces hormones that are carried by the circulatory system to remote locations within the organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| besides endocrine, another type of long distance signaling is ____. which is electrical transmission along neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the binding of ligand and receptor is specific and exclusive. the only exceptions are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane bound receptors vs cytoplasmic receptors |
|
Definition
membrane bound are big and polar
cytoplasmic are small and nonpolar |
|
|
Term
| If ligand is lipophobic, it binds with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation and transfers the phosphate groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| indirect cell signaling involves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein phosphotases act as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| direct receptor/ligand binding occurs with __ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal transduction pathways typically involve |
|
Definition
| activation of proteins within the cell by phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| 3 main second messengers are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release Ca2+ which then also acts as a second messenger |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the enzyme that dephosphorylates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the capacity to cause change or do work is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all cells use energy. whether its to _____ __ or to ___ ______ |
|
Definition
| break bonds, transform energy |
|
|
Term
| energy transformations involve ____ pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
|
Definition
catabolic
example is cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work. this is the |
|
Definition
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
|
|
Term
| every energy transfer increases the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entropy means that ___ increases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of ___ and exits in the form of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| energy able to do work is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enthalpy
free energy + entropy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delta h (entropy) - T(temp)*delta S(entropy |
|
|
Term
| if delta g is negative then free energy is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| delta s is the change in entropy. Large increases in entropy make ΔG more ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at chemical equilibrium delta g= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During a spontaneous change, free energy ____ and the stability of a system _____ |
|
Definition
| free energy decreases and system stability increases. |
|
|
Term
| a catabolic pathway in a cell releases ____ _____ in a series of reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary? |
|
Definition
| Certain proteins are unique to each membrane. |
|
|
Term
| If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to add |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur? |
|
Definition
| nothing. the reaction will stay at equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in the distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because |
|
Definition
| intracellular receptors are only in target cells |
|
|
Term
| Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? |
|
Definition
| glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells |
|
|
Term
| Consider two cells with the same volume but with very different surface areas due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the larger surface area is likely to _____. |
|
Definition
| be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell's environment |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotic cells are distinguished by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are sites where protein synthesis occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the fundamental structures required to be defined as a cell, a particular cell also has a nucleus and chloroplasts. Based on this information, this cell could be _____. |
|
Definition
| a protistal or a plant cell |
|
|
Term
Chromosomes only appear as a cell is about to divide.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell? |
|
Definition
| smooth and rough ER, ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure(s) would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate? |
|
Definition
| the nucleus b/c it needs a lot of nucelotides to perform its functions |
|
|
Term
| You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is primarily involved in cell motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. You observe that when the synthesis of the protein is completed, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found? |
|
Definition
| embedded in the plasma membrane functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Proteins that are inserted into the rough ER membrane are _____ proteins, not soluble proteins to be excreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to be of prokaryotic origin. One piece of evidence that supports this hypothesis is that these organelles contain prokaryotic-like ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whats a reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| none of these organelles are part of the endomembrane system |
|
|
Term
| The observation that chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own DNA and synthesize some of the proteins that function in these organelles suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria _____ |
|
Definition
| must divide whenever the cell divides |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transport vesicles are NOT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does RNA have anything to do with cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during ____ sister chromatids separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during ______ a spindle forms |
|
Definition
|
|
