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| "true nucleus" -- has a nucleus |
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"little organs"
Specialized membrane-bound compartments within cells |
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Contains most of the cell's genetic info. Bound by the Nuclear Envelope with pores.
Houses the Nucleolus |
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| Region in nucleus where ribosomal parts are manufactured |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Network of interconnected membranous tubules in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Enzymes embedded in the smooth ER membrane function in the synthesis of certain kinds of molecules, such as lipids. |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. Rough ER constructs membrane from phospholipids and proteins. |
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| Organelle in the membrane consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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| Digestive organelle in eurkaryotic cells; contains enzymes that digest the cell's food and waste. |
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| Organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes and separated into two internal compartments; it is where most of the cell's ATP is made. It contains DNA and ribosomes. |
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| A meshwork of fine fibers in teh cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. |
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Structure:
1. Thickest of the three kinds of fibers
2. a straight, hollow tube
3. made of proteins called tubulins.
Function:
1. cell structure and support
2. Intracellular movement and transport
3. Cell Division
4. Cilia and Flagella |
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Definition
Structure:
1. Thinnest of the fibers
2. solid rods
3. built from the protein actin.
Function:
1. Cell Shape
2. Muscle Contraction
3. Cell Crawling
4. Cell Division |
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Structure:
1. Medium in size
2. Ropelike fibers
3. Diverse subunits
Function:
1. Cell Shape
2. Anchor organelles |
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Adenosine TriPhosphate. Made up of the 5 Carbon Sugar Adenosine and three phosphate groups.
Provides energy for cellular functions.
Extract energy found in food molecules to make ATP through: Cellular Respiration or Fermentation |
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Adenosine DiPhosphate: Made up of the 5 Carbon Sugar Adenosine and two phosphate groups.
Leftover molecule after one ATPs 3 phosphate groups is released. |
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| How ATP is used for energy, the released Phosphate is used elsewhere in the cell for work. |
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| ATP is made into ADP by releasing a phosphate, ADP is made into ATP by adding a phosphate. It's a big circle. |
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Requires Oxygen
COmplete breakdown of glucose
Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Four Phases( idk if we have to know this)
1. glycolysis
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron transport chain
4. chemiosmosis |
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| Equation for chemical cycling between photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 == 6 CO2 + 6 H20
Cellular Respiration -->
<-- Photosynthesis |
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Does not require Oxygen
Incomplete breakdown of glucose
Two Phases
1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcohol fermentation |
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| Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria transform light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars made from CO2 and water. |
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Haploid = n , 23 chromosomes, sex cells (gametes)
Dipliod = 2n, 46 chromosomes, somatic cells |
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| a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism; in mammals, any chromosome other than X or Y. |
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| 2n -> 2n. Used for growth and repair of body |
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2n -> n. Produces 4 genetically distinct cells.
Sexual Reproduction |
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| - Life of a cell from the time it is born until the time it divides |
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Definition
1. Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2
2. M Phase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
3. Cytokinesis |
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Chromosomes duplicated
Chromosomes NOT condensed
MTOC duplicates (what the hell is MTOC) |
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Chromosomes condense
NEBD - Nuclear Envelope Break Down
Mitotic spindle forms
MT capture chromatids |
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| Chromosome align at 'metaphase plate' |
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Chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends
Cell elongates |
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2 daughter nuclei (4 if this is Telophase II for Meiosis)
Chromosomes lengthen
Spindle breaks down
Overlaps with cytokinesis |
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Division of cytoplasm
Overlaps with end of mitosis |
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| the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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Uncontrolled cell division
Begins with a single cell replicates itself when it shouldn't
Unrestrained cell proliferation leads to the formation of a tumor |
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Abnormal masses of cells that have lost control over their growth and division
Benign-- bad cells remain at original site
Malignant-- bad cells spread, cancerous, metastasize is the spreading of caner cells to areas |
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| An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase. |
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| Transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
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| Augustian Monk who discovered heredity. Called the Father of Genetics |
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| Heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color |
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| Variant of a CHARACTER, such as purple or white flowers. |
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| Varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring all identical to the parent. |
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| The offspring of two different true-breeding varieties. |
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| the cross-fertilization itself is referred to as a genetic CROSS |
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| Cross between a true-breeding pea plant with purple flowers and a true-breeding pea plant with white flowers. |
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| The alternative versions of a gene |
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| organism that has two identical alleles for a gene. can also be called a Homozygote |
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| Organism that has two different alleles for a gene. can also be called a Heterozygote. |
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| The allele that determines the organisms appearance |
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| the allele that has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance. |
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| A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because the two members of an allele pair segregate (separate) from each other during the production of gametes. |
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| an organisms genetic makeup. Ex. Pp |
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| Organisms physical appearance. Ex. purple flowers |
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P= Parental generation
F1= hybrid offspring of P generation
F2= Offspring of the F1 generation |
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Used to test the genotype of an indiviual that shows dominant phenotypes.
Cross the Unknown Dominant and a Recessive organism and examine the offspring |
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cross between parental varieties differing in two characters
Ex. RrYY x rrYy |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| Each pair of alleles assorts independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation. |
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| A family tree of genes and traits |
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