Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BIO211- 27
Chapter 27 - Bacteria and Archaea
23
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/25/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
shapes of bacteria
Definition
spheres (cocci), rods (baccili), and spirals
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
is what most bacteria's cell wall are made of; a network of modified-sugar polymers cross-linked by short polypeptides
Term
Bacteria's classes
Definition
Gram-positive= bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram-negative- less peptidoglycan, and are structurally more complex
Term
capsule
Definition
bacteria's cell wall is covered by a capsule; a sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein
Term
fimbriae
Definition
hair-like protein appendages that help prokaryotes stick to their substrate
Term
taxis
Definition
movement for bacteria that's toward or away from a stimulus. (positive chemotaxis=toward nutrient, negative chemotaxis=away from nutrient)
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
a region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs
Term
plasmids
Definition
prokaryote might also have much smaller rings separating replicating DNA
Term
Endospores
Definition
developed resistance cells when an essential nutrient is lacking
Term
Three process that bring prokaryotic DNA from different individuals.
Definition
transformation, transduction, conjugation
Term
Transformation
Definition
genotype and possibly phenotype of prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Term
Transduction
Definition
bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another (horizontal gene transfer)
Term
Conjugation
Definition
genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined
Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
cyanobacteria and methanogens convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (NH3)
Term
heterocytes
Definition
carry out nitrogen fixation, (bubbled part of a colony of anabaena)
Term
biofilms
Definition
surface coating colonies that use metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species
Term
commensalism
Definition
an ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in a significant way
Term
pathogens
Definition
parasites that cause disease
Term
exotoxins
Definition
pathogenic prokaryotes usually cause illness by producing poisons, they are proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms
Term
Endotoxins
Definition
lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
Term
bioremediation
Definition
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water
Term
meiosis
Definition
modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round of DNA replication.
Term
mitosis
Definition
a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages
Supporting users have an ad free experience!