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| where is the Cytoplasm enclosed and by what is a cell usually controlled by? |
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Definition
| plama membrane and usually controlled by the nucleus |
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| uniclelluar organism, what are the functions of life? |
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Definition
| metabolism, response, , homeostasis, growth, reproduction, and nutrition |
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| chemical reactions inside the cell |
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| controlling conditions inside the cell |
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living organism are composed of cells
cells are the sallest units of life
cells come from pre-exisisting cells |
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| which parts of the cell theory have been supported with evidence to be wrong and which have been supported to be right. |
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Definition
1) many organims have been examined and have beeen found to consist of cells, but there are somecases wehretheidea of livingorganims consistingof tiny box likestructures does not seemotfit. for example, skeletal is made up of muscle fibres.
2) Also, whereas cells taken from an organisms often survive for atime smaller fo an organsim donot. cells dothereforeseem tobe smallest unitsof life that arecpableof survival.
3) there is also evidence for the third of the cell theory . some of the classic experiments inbiology showed that spontaneousgenration of life is impossible. |
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| instead , the can become specialized for one particular function and carry it out very efficiently . cells in a multicellular organismsf therefore devloping different ways. |
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| this means tat the whole organims is more than the sum of its parts, because of the complex interations between cells. |
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| once a pathway of elvelopment has begun, it is still possible to follow a different pathway. the cell is aid to be uncommitted. |
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| all heart muscle cells contain structures made from protein fibers thatare usedto contract the cell and help to pump blood in the heart |
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| defined as cells that have the capacity to self renew by cell division and to differentiate. Human embryos consist entirely of stem cells in their early stages,but gradually the cells in the emrbyo commite themselves to a pattern of differentation. |
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Term
| once committed, a cell may still divide several times, although,the cells will cease to differentiate in the sameway and will continue to exist as stem cells. |
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Definition
| false, all of the cells formed will differentiate in the same way and so tey are no longer stem cells. |
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| small number of embryonic cells remain as stem cells however they are still present inthe adult body. they are found in most human tissues such as brain kidney and heart. |
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Definition
| false, bone marrow skin and liver |
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| give some human tissues consideable power of regeneration and repair |
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| cells carry on growing indefinitely |
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Definition
| false, the reach a maximum size and then may divide. if a cell became too large, it would develop problems because its surface |
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Definition
| size of image over size of specimen |
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| a scale bar is a line added to a micrograph or a drawing to help show the actual size of the structures |
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Term
| list the smallest structures in cell biology from biggest to smallest including units of measurement |
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Definition
1) cells of eurkaryotes (100 um to 10 um)
2)Organelles (10 um to 1 um)
3)bacteria (1um,sizes vary)
4)viruses(100nm vary)
5)thicknessofcellmembranes (10 nm)
6) molecules (1nm) |
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Term
list the mm-->m
um-->mm
nm-->um |
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Definition
1000 mm=1m
1000 um=1mm
1000nm=1um |
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Term
| what two types of ultrastructures are cells divided into? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic and eurkaryotic |
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Term
| the first cells to evolve were ____ and many organims stilll have ____ cells, including all bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| these cells have no nucleus and the name means be before the nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| prokaryotic divide in two by a process called |
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Definition
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Term
| fomrs a protective outer layer that pevents damage from outsidea nd also bruting if internal pressure is high |
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Definition
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Definition
| controls entery and exit of substances pumping some of them in active transport |
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| contains enzymes that catalyse the chemical reactions of metabolisma nd contains DNA in a region called the nucleoid |
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Definition
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Definition
| hairlike structures projecting from cell wall that can be ratcheted in and out, whenconnected another bacterial cell they can be used to pull cells together |
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| solid proteins structures with a corkskew shape projecting form the cell wall which rotates and cause locomotion |
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Definition
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| small granular structures that sythesise proteins by translating messenger RNA, some proteins stay in the cell and others are secreted |
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| region of cytoplasm that contains naked DNA, whichis the gentic information of the cell |
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Term
| prokaryotic cell: type of genetic material |
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Definition
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| Eukaryotic cells: type of genetic material |
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Definition
| chromosomes consisting of strands of DNA associated with protein. foruor more chromosomes are present. |
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| Prokaryotic cells: location of genetic material |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasim in a region called the nucleoid |
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| Eukaryotic Cell: location of genetic material |
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Definition
| in the nucleus inside a double nuclear membrane called the nuclear envelope |
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Term
| prokaryotic cells: mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
| Eurkaryotic cells: mitochondria |
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| no cell wall only a plasma membrane |
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| organelle not present in animal cells but are in plant cells |
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Definition
| glycogen is used as a storage compound |
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| starch is used as a storage compound. |
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| large fluid filled vacuole often present |
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| able to change shape usually rounded |
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| fixed shape usually rather regular |
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Definition
| not attracted to water but attracted to each other |
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Term
| why are phosphoplipd molecules unusual |
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Definition
| because they are partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophopic |
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Term
| the phospate head is ______ and the two hydrocarbon tails are _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| in water, phospholipids form ________ with the hydrophlic heads in contact with water on both sides and the ________ away from water in the center |
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Definition
| double layers, hydrophobic |
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Term
phospholipids inmembranes are in a _______ state |
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Definition
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Term
| a _____ state allows membranes to change shape in a way that would impossible if they were ___________ |
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Definition
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| the _____ also allowsvescles to be pinched offthe membranes or fuse with them |
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Definition
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Term
| locations of protiens on membranes |
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Definition
| proties are seen to be dotted over the membrane thisgives the embrane the appearance of a mosiac. because the protein |
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