Projection Pathway for Pain

Big Boy

Projection Pathway for Gustation

Big Boy

Proj Path Pain

Little Boy

-1st-> spinal chord -2nd-> thalamus -3rd-> cortex

-1st-> spinal chord -2nd-> reticular -3rd-> Hypothalamus

-1st-> spinal chord -2nd-> reticular -3rd-> cortex

Proj Path Gust

Little Boy

-1st-> medulla -2nd-> hypothalamus + amygdala (-> autonomic reflexes)

-1st-> medulla -2nd-> thalamus -3rd-> cortex

Proj Path Olf

Little Boy

-1st-> olfactory cortex -2nd-> hippocampus

-1st-> olfactory cortex -2nd-> amygdala -3rd-> reticular formation

-1st-> to hypothalamus -2nd-> reticular formation

Proj Path hearing

Little Guy

-1st-> cochlear nuclei -2nd-> pons -3rd-> thalamus -4th-> cortex

-1st-> cochlear nuclei -2nd-> midbrain (neck muscles get activ)

Equilibrium Proj Pathway

Little Guy

-1st-> to pons -2nd-> spine (head+neck)

1st -> cerebellum

First to either cerebellum or vestibular

 From cerebellum sends efferent signals to posture mscls

If Vestibular it can go to cortex, or reticular formation

liquid + perylymph

Tectoral membrane

Tonic stimulus (slow+steady)

Phasic stimulus (in bursts

1st order: tongue -> medulla

2nd order: medulla -> hypothalamus, amygdala, and thalamus

Substance P -> spinal chord ->

-> reticular fomation -> hypothalamus

or

-> thalamus -> cortex sensory

tongue -> medulla

-> thalamus -> cortex

or

-> amygdala -> gag/salivary

-> hypothalamus -> gag/salivary

Olfactory bulb -> primary olfactory cortex ->

-> amygdala -> emotional responses

-> hippocampus -> memory

-> hypothalamus -> physical responses

sound travels through vestibular duct (with perilymphs) and then makes the curve and travels with the tympanic duct

all the while affecting tectoral membrane, doing things with the outer hair cells and inner hair cells that are inside the Cochlear duct

Outer hair cells are longer and are sensory + motor

Inner hair cells are shorter and are just sensory

Proj Pathway of sound

biggy

Craneal nerve VIII -> Cochlear nuclei -> mid brain -> Thalamus -> sensory cortex

CNVIII -> Cochlear Nuclei -> Pons ->

-> Stapedus + Tensory Tempany (for adjustment to muscles)

CNVII -> Cochlear nuclei -> midbrain -> neck muscles

Light = electro magnetic radiation

Photon = packet of NRG that moves in a wave form

Smaller wave length = ?

Larger wave length = ?

Smaller wave length = higher frequency

Larger wave length = lower frequency

Fibrous Tunic

Vascular Tunic

Nervous Tunic

Depolarized in the dark (WEIRD BROO)

Hyperpolarized in the light (WHAAAT?!!)

Light + Rhodopsin = retinal + opsin

Causes a cascade reaction to close sodium gates

Cyanolabe - blew

Erythrolabe - Red

Chlorolabe - Green

Rods often have multiple rods per receptor

Cones are one cone to one receptor

Ganglion cell ->

-> Thalamus -> visual cortex (occipital)

-> Mid brain -> 1. Reflex extrinsic muscles 2. Iris 3. Lens focus

Amplitude

vs

Frequency

Loudness

Pitch (high or low)

Ear guy -> Cerebellum -> muscles of headneckposture

and

Ear guy -> Vestibular nuclei -> Thalamus -> Cortex

Ear Guy -> V nuclei ->Reticular formation (card/vasomotor/respir)

Ear guy -> V nuclei -> Nuclei for eye movement (compensatory)

Found in the Saccule and Utricle

Hair and supporting cells, attached together

Tips are embedded in otolithic membrane

To help provide an orientation

if head is up otoliths provide minimal stimulation because they bare straight down

If head is tilted they bend the hairs a loots

Also used for detected forward acceleration

3 90deg semicircles filled with endolymph

has ampulla at one end

When head moves, the duct moves but endolymph lags, it pushes the hair cells embedded in capula

Semicircular duct

thinky

blue bulb sits still, when rotation occurs the base of bulb goes 1:1 with rotation, but endolymph lags behind

The base goes but the tip is pushed back by endolymph sending AP to the brain