Term
| What are the 2 main catagories in the nervous system? |
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Definition
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Peripheal Nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| Which nervous system are the brain and spinal cord associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 sybcatagories of the PNS? |
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Definition
| Somatic (SNS) and Automic (ANS) |
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Term
| What are the 2 sub-catagories of the (ANS) Autonomic Nervous System? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
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Term
| Name the 3 main functions of the Nervous System (Hint - SMI) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the sensory function do? |
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Definition
| Monitors external and internal environments |
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Term
| What does the Motor function do? |
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Definition
| Regulates repsonse of body systems/ maintains homeostasis |
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Term
| What does the Integration system do? |
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Definition
| Integrates Info - higher brain function, memory, learning, intincts, IQ -personality, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic structure & functional unit of the nervous system |
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Term
| Do NEURONS of the nervous system undergo mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cell body contain? |
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Definition
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Term
CELL BODY -
what is the rough ER called that gives color to the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
CELL BODY
What are groups of cell bodies called in the PNS?
In the CNS? |
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Definition
PNS - Ganglia
CNS - Nuclei |
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Term
CELL BODY
What make a cell appear more gray (gray matter)? |
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Definition
| High numbers of cell bodies |
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Term
NUERONS:
Contain 3 main sections - Name them. |
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Definition
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Term
Nuerons:
What are the short branched looking ends that bring info INTO the cell? |
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Definition
Dendrites.
Branched to create more surface area |
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Term
NEURONS:
What is the area of a cell that takes info FROM the neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the axon hillock?
What is another name for it? |
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Definition
It's the tapered region of a cell that exits the body.
AKA - The trigger zone |
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Term
NEURON:
What is the area of an axon that branches off to the side to head to another location? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the little branches at the end of an axon called?
AKA? |
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Definition
Axon Terminals
AKA - Telodendria |
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Term
| What is the enlarged end of an axon terminal that has the vesicles w/ nuerotransmitters inside? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can synaptic end bulbs be found? |
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Definition
| At the end of Axon Terminals |
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Term
| Why are some areas white (matter) vs. gray? |
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Definition
| The white matter contains the bundles of myelinated axons. (Gray is more nissl bodies in the body of the cell...) |
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Term
| What is a group of axons in the CNS called? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a group of axons in the PNS called?
Anything help hold it together? |
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Definition
Nerves.
Held together by CT |
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Term
| Where would a track be found? |
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Definition
| In the brain! Trackin w/ me? |
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Term
| The nerve of those gangs! What do Nerves and Ganglia have in common? |
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Definition
| Both are found in the PNS |
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Term
| Nuclei Tracks.... What is the common factor between these two? |
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Definition
| Both are part of the CNS. |
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Term
PNS Nerve Coverings:
What is the CT covering INDIVIDUAL Axons? |
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Definition
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Term
PNS Nerve:
What is a fascicle? |
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Definition
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Term
PNS Nerve Coverings:
What is the CT around a fasicile (group of axons) called? |
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Definition
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Term
CNS Nerve Covering:
What is the CT the covers the ENTIRE Nerve? What does it contain? |
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Definition
| Epineurium, containing the blood supply and adipose. |
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Term
| What are the 2 ways to classify neurons? |
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Definition
| Structural and Functional |
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Term
| What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons |
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Definition
Afferent (arrives) AKA Sensory
Efferent (exits) AKA Motor
Interneurons AKA association - most common b/t sensory & motor neurons |
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Term
| Where would an efferent neuron be going?? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would an Afferent gland be going? From? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat are the 3 structural classifications of Neurons? |
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Definition
BiPolar
MultiPolar
UniPolar |
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Term
Explain a bipolar structural classification.
Where is it found? |
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Definition
| Rare - a process is at either end and is for special senses like nose, ears and retina. |
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Term
| Explain Multipolar classification of a neuron. |
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Definition
| Most popular. A cell with one process (axon end) and many dendrites. |
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Term
| Explain the Unipolar classification of a Neuron |
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Definition
| Most w this structure are sensory neurons. A cell body is in between the dendrites and axon, but off to the side (almost like out of the way on a branch) |
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Term
| How many types of Neuroglia are there? |
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Definition
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Term
Can Neuroglia divide?
Can Neurons Divide? |
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Definition
| Neuroglia can, but Neurons can't |
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Term
| What Neuroglia make up 90% of the brain cells? Briefly describe. |
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Definition
Astrocytes.
Star shaped, make a blood/brain barrier, provide structural support |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuroglia making up 90% of brain cells. |
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Term
| What is the cell that forms the myelin sheath on axons in the PNS |
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Definition
| Schwann Cells AKA neurolemmocytes (means nerve sheath) |
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Term
| What is the function of the neuroglia called oligodendrocytes |
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Definition
| form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS |
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Term
| What are the names of the Neuroglia cell that migrate around cleanin things up? |
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Definition
| microglia - they are like little scavengers. |
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Term
| What Neuroglia cells surround the lining of ventricles in the brain & C-Canal, forming and circulating CSF? |
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Definition
Ependymal.
Think epideral - spine |
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Term
What is a neuroglia satellite cell do?
In PNS or CNS? |
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Definition
| It supports neurons in the PNS |
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Term
| What are the 3 function of an axon sheath? |
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Definition
Surround
Protect
Insulate axons |
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Term
| What are the 3 function of an axon sheath? |
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Definition
Surround
Protect
Insulate axons |
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Term
| Which Neuroglia produce myelin sheaths? |
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Definition
| Schwann (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
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Term
| What rests in invagination of oligodendrocytes or schwann cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are gaps in between myelinated cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| As schwann cells or "oli" cells wrap around and around and around... where does the cytoplasm go? |
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Definition
| It's pushed to the outside |
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Term
| What are the 2 main difference of Schwann and oligodendrocyte cells? |
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Definition
1 - schwann are in the PNS, "oli" is in the CNS.
2 -Schwanns surround each axon, but Oli forms around several |
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Term
| Why is regeneragtion harder in the CNS than the PNS? |
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Definition
| The CNS has Oligodendrcytes surrounding several axons so regrowth is harder that schwann cells (which individual axons are covered seperately, easier to fix. |
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Term
| How does regeneration occur in the PNS? |
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Definition
| Break down of nissl bodies, degeneration of axon and then schwann cells form a new regeneration tube. |
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Term
| What does Chromatolysis refer to in the regeneration process in the PNS? |
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Definition
| The breakdown of nissl bodies - the 1st step of regeneration |
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Term
| WHen the degeneration of an axon occurs, what is Wallerian and retrograde referring to? |
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Definition
Wallarian - distal to injury
Retrograde - proximal by 1 axon from injury site |
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Term
| What cells form a regeneration tube in the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the regeneration tube made by schwann cells?
How does it tempt the axon? |
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Definition
| The tube is to show the axons where to go to reconnect and it attracts them by secreting a chemical. |
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Term
| Describe divergint converging circuits |
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Definition
| small # of presynaptic cells synapse with many post-synaptic cells |
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Term
| Describe convergant circuits |
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Definition
| Many neurons converge on one post-synaptic cell |
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Term
| Describe Reverberating circuits. |
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Definition
| Neurons arranged in a circle, allowing APs to occur over and over - until fatigue or inhibition |
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Term
| Describe Parallel-After-Discharge Circuit |
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Definition
| a neuron send varying # of synapses taht take several different routes to the same location (post-synaptic cell) |
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Term
Neurotransmitters:
They are _________ (not vague) |
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Definition
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Term
Nuerotransmitters:
What does Synaptic Plasticity refer to? |
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Definition
| The ability for a neuron to release more than 1 neurotransmitter |
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Term
| What effects the EPSP or IPSP of a neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
| Receptors on the postsynaptic cell |
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Term
| What is the most common neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter has been studied in the CNS, ANS, and stimulates skeletal muscles inactivated by cholinesterase (ACHe) |
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Definition
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Term
Neurotransmitters:
What is the name of modified amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
Nuerotransmitters:
Where do catecholamines come from?
What do they do? |
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Definition
From Tyrosine
-eliminated by reuptake into synaptic end bulb
-destroyed by COMT and MAO |
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Term
Neurotransmitter:
Where is dopamine found?
What drug inhibits uptake?
What disease results from deficiencies? |
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Definition
In the Brain.
Cocaine.
Parkenson's disease |
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Term
| What are the neurotransmitters Epinephrina and Norepinephrine known for? Located? |
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Definition
ANS and CNS
General arousal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What bodily functions is seratonin involved with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitor |
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Term
What is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
Isit inhibilory of exhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibitory neurotransmitter is found in the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
What neurotransmitter is SO Excitiing that it can excite you to Death! (Excitotoxity)
When do we see this? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 nuerotranmitters that are amino acids? GGGA |
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Definition
| GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, and Aspartate |
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Term
| What is a nuerotransmitter with 3-40 amino acids linked by peptide bonds? (polypeptides) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a Neuromodulator do? |
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Definition
| Modify the effects of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between Substance P and Endorphins |
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Definition
| Substance P is a pain transmitter; Endorphines reduce the pain (like runners high) so, it's the neuromodulator. |
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Term
| What are the 5 changes pharmacology focuses on? (SRRRP) |
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Definition
-synthesis
-release
-removal
-receptor site
-permeability of membrane. |
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