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Bio2 final
Biology 2 final
132
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the levels of life?
Definition
atoms, organic molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere
Term
what are the basic structures and functions of all living things?
Definition
particular organization and design, grow and develop, reproduce themselves, aquire material and energy, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, adapt to environment
Term
What is the difference between bacteria and archaea?
Definition

Bacteria are microorganisms in soil water and air that cause disease in humans and animals (bacillus, cocci, spirochete)

Archaea are prokaryotes that share traits with bacteria and eukaryotes

Term
What are eukaryotes?
Definition

Fungi

plantae 

animalia

protists

Term
what are fungi?
Definition

plant like organisms that absorb nutrients after decomposing, some cause disease

 

Term
what are the members of different kingdoms?
Definition

autotrophs

heterotrophs

phototrophd

chemotrophs

Term
what are autotrophs?
Definition
able to produce their own energy (plants)
Term
what are chemotrophs?
Definition
obtain energy from chemicals
Term
what is in a bacteria cell wall?
Definition
peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
Term
what do archaea contain?
Definition
polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan
Term
what is the difference between gram+ and gram- ?
Definition

+ is darker and has more peptidoglycan

- is lighter and has less peptidoglycan, more likely resistant to antibiotics

 

Term
what are the various prokaryotic metabolisms?
Definition

obligate aerobes

obligate anaerobes

faculative anaerobes

Term
what is an obligate aerobe?
Definition
requires o2 for cell respiration
Term
what is an obligate anaerobe?
Definition
poisoned by o2 and uses fermentation or anaerobic respiration (fungi and molds)
Term
what is a faculative anaerobe?
Definition
can survive with or without o2
Term
what is nitrogen metabolism in prokaryotes?
Definition
can metabolize nitrogen by nitrogen fixation convert n2 to nh3 (ammonia)
Term
what is a bacteria?
Definition

protobacteria (gram neg bacteria)

chlamydias (gram negative parasites that cause blindness)

spriochetes (pathogenic parasites lyme disease and syphilis)

cyanobacteria (plantlike bacteria)

Gram positive bacteria

Term
What are the subgroups of proteobacteria?
Definition

Alpha- rhizobium

beta- nitrosomonas

gamma- e.coli

delta- myxobacteria

epsilon proteobacteria- helicobacter pylori

Term
what are some gram positive bacteria?
Definition

actinomycetes (decompose soil)

bacillus anthracis (cause of anthrax)

clostridium botulinum (cause of botulism)

staphylococcus and streptococcus 

mycoplasms (smallest known cells)

Term
what are archaea?
Definition

some live in extreme envirnoments (extremeophiles)

Extreme halophiles (live in high saline environments)

extreme thermophiles (live in very hot environments)

methanogens (live in marshes and swamps;produce methane waste product; strict anaerobes)

 

Term
what is significant about protists?
Definition

unicellular

some colonial

multicellular species

Term
what are the 5 supergroups of protists?
Definition

excavata

chromalveolata 

rhizaria

archaeaplastida

unikonta

Term
how do protists reproduce?
Definition
asexually or sexually by meiosis and syngamy
Term
what is the nutritional diversity in protists?
Definition

photoautotrophs

heterotrophs

mixotrophs

Term
what are excavates?
Definition

have cytoskeleton and motified mitochondria and unique flagella

have a feeding groove

Term
what are the clades of excavata?
Definition

parabasalids

diplomonads

euglenozoans

Term
what are diplomonads?
Definition

supergroup excavata

live in anaerobic environments, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria called mitosomes

energy anaerobically by glycolysis

have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella

parasites: giardia intestinalis

 

Term
what are parabasalids?
Definition

supergroup excavata

live in anaerobic environments, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria called hydrogenosomes

energy anaerobically 

trichomonas vaginalis (yeast infections)

 

Term
what are euglenozoans?
Definition

supergroup excavata

predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites

spiral ot crystalline rod in flagella 

two clades: kinetoplastids and euglenids

Term
what are kinetoplastids?
Definition

in euglenozoans

single mitochondrion with mass of dna called kinetoplast

free living consumers of prokaryotes 

trypanosoma(sleeping sickness) and chagas disease

Term
What are euglenids?
Definition

in euglenozoans

one or two flagella that comes from pocket in cell

can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Term
what is chromalveolata?
Definition
clades alveolates and straminopiles
Term
what are alveolata?
Definition

supergroup chromalveolata

have membrane bounded sacs under plasma membrane 

includes dinoflagellates apicomplexans and ciliates

Term
what are dinoflagellates?
Definition

in alveolates

aquatic mixotrophs and heterotrophs

both marine and fresh water phytoplankton 

internal plates of cellulose

two flagella that makes spin

blooms and causes red tides

Term
what are apicomplexans?
Definition

in alveolates

parasites of animals cause human disease

apex contains complex organelles for penetrating host

nonphotosynthetic plastid (apicoplast)

sexual and asexual stages(2 different hosts)

plasmodium-malaria

2mil people die everyday  

Term
what are ciliates?
Definition

in alveolates

named for use of cilia 

large macronuclei and small micronuclei (function during conjugation (occurs by binary fission))

 

Term
what are stramenopiles?
Definition

supergroup chromalveolates 

have hairy flagellum and smooth flagellum

include diatoms, golden and brown algae

Term
what are diatoms?
Definition

in stramenopiles 

unicellular algae with glass like wall and hydrated silica

reproduce asexually and sometimes sexually

major component of phytoplankton

Term
what is golden algae?
Definition

in stramenopiles

golden and brown carotenoids

cells are usually biflagellated both near one end

photosynthetic some heterotrophic

unicellular some colonial

Term
what is brown algae?
Definition

in stramenopiles

multicellular

seaweeds

giant seaweeds (kelps) in deep ocean

lacks true roots stems and leaves 

algal body is thallus

holdfast is rootlike 

stipe is stemlike

blades leaflike

Term
what are rhizarians?
Definition

defined by dna similarities

some ameobas

clades forams and radiolarians

Term
what are forams?
Definition

supergroup rhizaria

foraminiferans named for porous multichambered shells called tests

pseudopodia extend through pores

 

Term
what are radiolarians?
Definition

supergroup rhizaria

tests fused into one piece made of silica

use pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms (phagocytosis)

pseudopodia radiate from central body

Term
what is archaeaplastida?
Definition

clades red and green algae and land plants

 

Term
what is red algae?
Definition

supergroup archaeaplastida

reddish in color from accessory pigment (phycoerythrin)

color varies greenish red shallow water reddish black deep water

multicellular seaweeds

most abundant in tropics

Term
what is green algae?
Definition

supergroup archaeplatstida

named for grass green cholorplasts 

plants are descendants from 

main groups: chlorophytes (fresh water or damp snow and soil unicellular colonial multicellular forms complex life cycles sexual and asexual reprod.)

charophyceans

 

Term
what are unikonts?
Definition
clades amoebozoans and opisthokonts
Term
what are amoebozoans?
Definition

supergroup unikonta

lobe or tube shaped gymnamoebas entamoebas and slime molds

Term
what are slime molds?
Definition

in amoebozoans

onec thought of as fungi

placed by molecular systematics

plasmodial slime molds are bright colored yellow or orange

Term
what are entamoebas?
Definition

in amoebozoans

parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates

entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery in humans

Term
what are gymnamoebas?
Definition

in ameobozoans

live in soil fresh and marine 

seek and consume bacteria detritus and other protists

Term
what are opisthokonts?
Definition

supergroup unikonta

animals fungi and other protists

Term
what are fungi?
Definition

abosorb nutrients from outside the body 

use enzyme to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds 

Term
what lifestyles do fungi exhibit?
Definition

decomposers 

parasites 

mutualists

Term
what is the morphology of fungi?
Definition

ability to absorb nutrients

mycelia-branched hyphae adapted of absorption

fungi have cell walls made of chitin

some hyphae divided into septa for cell to cell movement

coenocytic fungi lack septa

Term
what are the types of fungi?
Definition

chytrids

zygomycetes

glomeromycetes

ascomycetes

basidiomycetes

 

Term
what are chytrids?
Definition

found in fresh and terrestrial

can be decomposer, parasites, or mutualists 

flagellated spores (zoospores)

Term
what are zygomycetes?
Definition

fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

named for sexually produced zygosporangia(resistant to freezing and drying)

black bread mold

Term
what are glomeromycetes?
Definition
form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Term
what are ascomycetes?
Definition

in marine, fresh, and terrestrial

production of sexual spores in saclike asci contain fruiting bodies called ascocarps 

 called sac fungi

vary in size and complexity from unicellular to elaborate cup fungi and morels

include plant pathogens,decomposers and symbionts

reproduce asexually by enormous numbers of asexul spores (conidia-not formed in sporangia/formed asexually at tips on hyphae)

Term
what are basidiomycetes?
Definition

mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists, plant parasites

defined by clublike structure (basidium) a transient diploid stage in life cycle

club fungi

Term
what roles to fungi play in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare?
Definition

decomposers

mutualists

fungus-plant mutualists

fungus-animal mutualists

lichens

pathogens

practical uses

Term
what is fungi as decomposers?
Definition

efficient decomposers

essential recycling of chem elements b/n living and nonliving world

 

Term
what is fungi as mutualists?
Definition

with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals

profound ecological effects

Term
what is fungus-plant mutualisms?
Definition

mycorrhizae (enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture)

harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes (live in leaves or other plant parts)

endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

Term
what is fungus-animal symboises?
Definition

share digestive services with animals

breakdown plant material in gut of cows and other grazing mammals

ants and termites use digestive power of fungi by raising them in farms

Term
what are lichens?
Definition

symbiotic association b/n a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus in millions of photosynthetic cells are held in mass of fungal hyphae

algae(provides carbon compounds) or cyanobacteria(provide organic nitrogen) are in inner layer

sensitive to pollution 

provide environment  for growth

can produce sexually or asexually(fragmentation and formation of soredia(small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae))

 

Term
what are fungi as pathogens?
Definition

30% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens mostly of plants

attack food crops are toxic to humans

animals are less susceptible to parasitic fungi than plants

mycosis (fungal infection)

Term
what are some practical uses of fungi?
Definition

cheeses, alcoholic beverages and bread

used to make antibiotics for bacterial infections

biotechnology

insulin like growth factor can be produced in fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae

Term
what is the structure of a leaf?
Definition

large surface area for the sun

under leaf transparent epidermal cells

waxy waterproof cuticle that reduces evaporation  

CO2 from air enters leaf through pores, stomata, and epidermis

Mesophyll contains cells with dense packed chloroplasts 

vascular bundles supply water and minerals to mesophyll

Term
what are chloroplasts?
Definition

contain various pigments molecules that abosrb different wavelengths

 

Term
what are the pigments in chloroplasts?
Definition

primary pigment (chlorophyll A) absorbs voilet, blue, and red lights reflecting green

accessory pigment (chlorophyll B) and carotenoids absorb blue and green lights reflects red yellow and orange 

 

Term
what are the major structures of plants?
Definition

Roots- anchor and get water and nutrients

waxy cuticle-limits water loss

stomata-gas exchange and limits water loss

conducting vessels-transport water and mineral in the plant

lignin-increases rigidity increases sun exposure

pollen-dispersed male gametes without water

seeds-protect and feed the plant embryo

Term
what are bryophytes?
Definition

lack conducting structures

no vessels

mosses

Term
what are vascular plants?
Definition
have conducting vessels provide support with lignin so plants grow taller than nonvascular
Term
what are seedless vascular plants?
Definition

include club mosses and horsetails and ferns

produce swimming sperm so water is essential

ferns most diverse seedless vascular plants

Term
what are seed plants?
Definition

dominate land by two adaptions: pollen and seeds

pollen-transport sperm without water

seeds-plant embryo food supply and protective coat

gametophytes-microscopic gametes for mating

Term
what are gymnosperms?
Definition

nonflowering seed plants

conifers-adapted to dry cold conditions thin needles retained all year round and antifreeze adaptions to dry, cold conditions

ginkgos and cycads

Term
what are angiosperms?
Definition

flowering plants

flowers attract pollinators, broad leaves capture more sunlight

fruits have seed dispersal 

Term
what are mosses?
Definition

bryophytes 

do not have vessels seeds or flowers

spores 

Term
what are ferns?
Definition

xylem- flow of water and nutrients from roots to leaves

phloem- flow of sugars and other metabolic products from leaves to roots

do not have flowers reproduce by spores

have gametophytes which produce gametes 

Term
what are conifers?
Definition

gymnosperms (naked seeds)

cone bearer 

Term
what are flowering plants?
Definition

angiosperms

flowering or fruit plants

flowers for attracting pollinators

seeds develop in the ovary and becomes fruit

sepal is base of the flower

petals are interior of sepal

2 groups monocots and eudicots

fruit is mature ovary

Term
what are monocots?
Definition
parallel leaf veins
Term
what are eudicots?
Definition
network pattern of veins
Term
what is the shoots system of plants?
Definition

generally aboveground portion of plant leaves buds borne on stems

Major functions:

photosynthesis in green tissues

transport materials among leaves flowers fruits and roots

reproduction

horomone synthesis

 

Term
what is the roots system in plants?
Definition

underground portion

Major functions: anchors plant

absorbs nutrients and water

stores sugar

transports water minerals sugars and hormones to shoot

hormone production

nutrition availability of plant by interacting with soil microbes

Term
what are the leaves?
Definition

major parts:

petiole: oreints blade to intercept sunlight

blade: major site of photosynthesis

Term
what is porifera?
Definition

sponges (basal animals that lack true tissues)

live in fresh and marine

lack true tissues and organs

suspension feeders

chanocytes(flagellated collar cells to ingest food)

spongocoel is open cavity

osculum opening to cavity

noncellular mesohyl b/n two cell layers amoebacytes found there

hermaphrodites 

Term
what are cnidarians?
Definition

4 major classes: 

hydrozoa(hydra), scyphozoa(jellies), cubozoa(box jellies), anthozoa (corals and sea anemones)

jellies, corals, hydras

simple diploblastic radial body plan

gastrovascular cavity

mouth/anus opening

sessile polyp and motile medusa

carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey


Term
what are lophotrochozoans?
Definition

bilaterian animals with bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development

lophophore for feeding others through trochophore larval stage

flat worms

rotifers

ectoprocts

brachiopods

molluscs 

annelids

Term
what are flat worms?
Definition

platyhelminthes

flattened dorsoventrally have gastrovascular cavity

protonephridia (gas exchange)

classes:

turbellaria(free living flatworms)

monogenea(monogeneans)

trematoda(trematodes)

cestoda(tapeworms)

Term
what are turbellarians?
Definition

all free living and marine

planarians

light sensitive eye spots

centralized nerve nets

hermaphrodites 

reproduce asexually and sexually 

 

Term
what are monogeneans?
Definition
parasites of fish
Term
what are trematodes?
Definition

parsites in or on animals

complex life cycles

alternating sexual and asexual stages

spend part of life in snails

Term
what are cestoda?
Definition

tapeworms

parasties of vertebrates 

lack digestive system

absorb nutrients from hosts intestine

sexual reproduction leave host body in feces

Term
what are rotifers?
Definition

smaller than any protist 

multicellular

specialized organ systems

alimentary canal with separate mouth and anus (in pseudocoelom)

reproduce by parthenogenesis females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

lack males entirely

Term
what are ectoprocts?
Definition

hard exoskeleton 

look like clumps of moss

colonial animals 

resemble plants

reef builders

 

Term
what are brachiopods?
Definition

resemble clams and hinge shelled molluscs

two halves

dorsal/ventral

Term
what are molluscs?
Definition

snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids

soft bodied animals protected by hard shell 

main body parts:

muscular foot

visceral mass

mantle

water filled mantle cavity 

separate sexes

ciliated larval stage (trochophore)

4 major classes

Term
what are the 4 main classes of molluscs?
Definition

polyplacophora (chitons)

gastropoda (snails and slugs)

bivalvia (clams, oysters, other bivalves)

cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses)

Term
what are chitons?
Definition

oval shaped marine animals

armor of eight dorsal plates

Term
what are gastropods?
Definition

single spiraled shell

slugs have no shell 

torsion which causes animals anus and mantle to end above its head

Term
what are bivalves?
Definition

clams oysters mussels and scallops

shells divided in two halves

contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange

Term
what are cephalopods?
Definition

squids and octopuses 

 carnivores with beak like jaw surrounded by tentacles of modified foot

squids use siphon to jet water to escape prey

closed circulatory system

well developed sense organs

complex brain

shelled cephalpods (ammonites) 

Term
what are annelids?
Definition

body of fused rings

3 classes:

oligochaeta (earthworms)

polychaeta (polychaetes)

hirudinea (leeches)

Term
what are oligochaetes?
Definition

sparse bristles made of chitin

earthworms

eat through soil extracting nutrients as it goes through alimentary canal

hermaphrodites

Term
what are polychaetes?
Definition
paddle like parapodia that work as gills aid in locomotion
Term
What are leeches?
Definition

blood sucking parasites

secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood form coagulating

Term
what is ecdysozoans?
Definition

covered by tough coat called cuticle (shed or molted through ecdysis) 

nematodes and arthropods

Term
what are nematodes?
Definition

round worms

have alimentary canal 

no circulatory system

 sexual reproduction by internal fertilization

Term
what are arthropods?
Definition

segemented body 

hard exoskeleton 

jointed appendages 

covered by cuticle exoskeleton made of layers of protein and polysaccharide chitin

molts

open circulatory system (hemolymph circulates tissues)

specialized organs for gas exchange 

four major categories

Term
what are the 4 major categories of arthropods?
Definition

cheliceroforms (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, spiders)

myriapods (centipedes and milipedes)

hexapods (insects)

crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles)

Term
what are myriapods?
Definition

millipedes- each trunk has 2 pairs of legs

centipedes-one pair of legs for each trunk

Term
what are hexapoda?
Definition

insects

flight

metamorphosis have larval stage looks different than adult stage

reproduce sexually 

pollinators

some carriers of disease and pests of crops

Term
what are crustaceans?
Definition

mostly marine

branched appendages

isopods-land fresh and marine species

decapods-lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

planktonic crustaceans (copepods)

barnacles-mostly sessile crustaceans have cuticle hardened into shell

Term
what are deuterostomes?
Definition
echinoderms and chordates
Term
what are derived characteristics of chordates?
Definition

notochord

dorsal hollow nerve cord

pharyngeal slits or clefts

muscular post-anal tail

ex lancelets and tunicates

Term
what are crainiates?
Definition

chordates with a head

skull brain eyes and sense organs

neural crest (collection of cells near dorsal margins of closing neural tube in embryo)(give rise to structures bones and cartilage of skull)

aquatic- gill slits

heart with 2 chambers rbcs hemoglobin and kidneys

ex. hagfish

 

Term
what are gnathostomes?
Definition

have jaws 

chondrichthyans -sharks and rays

osteichthyes-ray finned and lobe finned fish

Term
what are tetrapods?
Definition

4 limbs and feet with digits

ears detecting airborne sounds

amphibians are tetrapods represented by about 6150 species

3 orders: urodela(tailed ones), anura(tail-less), apoda(leg-less)(resemeble worms)

amphibian (both ways of life) 

 

Term
what are amniotes?
Definition

tetrapods have terrestrially adapted egg

amniotes-are groups of tetrapods reptiles, birds, and mammals 

Term
what are reptiles?
Definition
tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocs, birds, extinct dinos
Term
what are mammals?
Definition

have hair and produce milk

mammary glands-produce milk

hair

larger brain 

differentiated teeth 

marisupials and primates

Term
What are marsupials?
Definition

include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas

embryo develops in placenta

born very early and finishes development in pouch

 

Term
what are primates?
Definition

Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes 

hands and feet adapted for grasping 

large brain short jaws

forward looking eyes close together on face (depth perception)

complex social behavior and parental care

fully opposable thumb

anthropoids

Term
what are anthropoids?
Definition
gibbons orangutans gorillas chimps bonobos and humans
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