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Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes secreted by fungi into their surroundings; break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds that the fungi can then absorb into their bodies |
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Definition
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Definition
| tiny filaments composed of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of fungal cells |
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Definition
| a strong, flexible polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls (also found in the external skeletons of insects and other arthropods) |
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Definition
| interwoven mass of fungal hyphae; surrounds and infiltrates surrounding material (useful in increasing absorptive surface area) |
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Definition
| crosswalls that divide hyphae into cells; generally have pores that allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell; not all fungi have septa |
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Definition
| lacking septa (in fungi); continuous cytoplasmic mass containing many nuclei |
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Definition
| specialized hyphae that penetrate host tissues |
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Definition
| mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi (plants provide organic nutrients, fungi provide phosphate ions and other minerals) |
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Definition
| fungi forms a sheath of hyphae over the surface of a root and grow into extracellular spaces |
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Definition
| fungi extend hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane |
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Definition
| the union of the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia |
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Definition
| mycelia that contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei (before karyogamy) |
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Definition
| a sexual stage in which the haploid nuclei contributed by two parent cells fuse, forming diploid cells (zygotes) |
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Definition
| three groups of eukarya (fungi, animals, and protisan ancestors), name refers to posterior location of flagellum |
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Term
| chytrids (chytridiomycoda) |
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Definition
| mostly saprobic; unique in having flagellated zoospores |
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Definition
| includes fast growing molds responsible for rotting fruits; plasmogamy produces a sturdy zygosporangium (where karyogamy and then meiosis occur), which is highly resistant to freezing and drying; zygomycetes have coenocytic hyphae |
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Definition
| all glomeromycetes form a distinct type of endomicorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants |
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Term
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Definition
| branching endomicorrhizae formed by glomeromycetes |
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Term
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Definition
| comprise about 75% of known fungi; produce sexual spores within sac-like asci (often called sac fungi); bear sexual stages in fruiting bodies called ascocarps; vary from unicellular yeasts to elaborate fungi; ascocarps can also produce asexual spores called conidia |
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Definition
| saclike structures found in ascomycetes; contain sexual spores |
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Definition
| asexual spores produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores, found in ascomycetes |
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Definition
| form about 25% of known fungi; saprobic basiciomycetes are best at decomposing lignin |
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Definition
| a cell in which a transient diploid stage occurs during the life cycle of a basidiomycete (n+n --> karyogamy --> diploid stage --> meiosis) |
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Definition
| fruiting bodies containing gills lined with basidia |
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Definition
| a symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms (algae or cyanobacteria) held in a mass of fungal hyphae --> combination of heterotroph and autotroph allows them to live on naked rocks, at high altitudes, etc. --> important pioneer species on newly cleared surfaces; generally formed with ascomycetes but sometimes with basidiomycetes as well |
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Definition
| small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae; can break off so lichens can reproduce asexually |
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Term
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Definition
| shrublike, refers to lichens |
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Definition
| leaflike, refers to lichens |
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Definition
| encrusting, refers to lichens |
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Definition
| fungal infections that parasitize humans and other animals |
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Definition
| fast-growing hyphae of any asexually reproducing fungus |
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Definition
| evolved through secondary endosymbiosis of green algae; have one or two flagella; many are autotrophic but can become heterotrophic (mixotrophs); eyespot that perceives light and shadow |
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Definition
| evolved through secondary endosymbiosis of red algae (remember this because of "red tides"); most are unicellular but some are colonial; two flagella; live in shallow waters and produce neurotoxins; also cause bioluminescence when disturbed |
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Definition
| unicellular protists with two silica shells that fit together; base of phytoplankton food web; "rain" of diatoms creates thick deposits in diatomaceous earth |
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Definition
| unicellular protists with two silica shells that fit together; base of phytoplankton food web; "rain" of diatoms creates thick deposits in diatomaceous earth |
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Definition
| can live in shallow or deeper waters (pigmentation depends on depth of the water where it lives); |
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Definition
| all are multicellular, most are marine; include kelps/"seaweeds"; really fast growing, common on temperate coasts; cell walls have gel-forming polysaccharides |
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Definition
| a seaweed body that is plant-like (includes a blade, a stipe, and a fasthold) |
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Definition
| includes charophytes and chlorophytes |
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Definition
| live in fresh water, marine environments, or fresh soil; some live as symbionts in lichens |
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Definition
| closest relative to land plants; all are aquatic (non-marine) |
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| in charophyceans, a layer of durable polymer that prevents zygotes for drying out; an important adaptation for the move to land |
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Term
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Definition
| apical meristems, alternation of generations, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, multicellular/dependent embryos |
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Definition
| the spore-producing generation in a plant that has alternation of generations |
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Definition
| mulitcelluar organs found in the sporophyte that produce plant spores |
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Definition
| aka spore mother cells; diploid cells found in the sporangium that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores |
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Definition
| a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular gametophyte; do not confuse spores with gametes (sperm and eggs) as they do NOT fuse with other cells |
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Definition
| the haploid stage in alternation of generations |
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Definition
| multicellular organs that produce gametes |
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Definition
| female gametangia; where a single egg is retained |
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Definition
| male gametangia; where many sperm are produced and subsequently released |
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Definition
| develop from zygotes that are retained within tissues of the female parent; derived trait of land plants (known as embryophytes) |
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Definition
| include club mosses and their relatives |
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Definition
| includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns |
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Definition
| nonvascular plants; includes liverworts, hornworts, and "mosses" |
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Definition
| "naked seed" plants (seeds not enclosed by ovaries); include gingko, cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an embryo packaged with a protective coat and a supply of nutrients |
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Definition
| a structure that includes megasporangium, a megaspore, and integument(s) |
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Definition
| a modified leaf that bears sporangia |
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Definition
| clusters of sporangia found on sporophylls, found in ferns |
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Definition
| "cones"; formed from groups of sporophylls |
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Definition
| layers of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium |
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Definition
| transitional species of seedless vascular plants |
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Definition
| the thickened wall of a fruit; developed from the wall of an ovary |
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Definition
| the base of a carpel, containing one or more ovules |
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Definition
| female gametophyte contained within an ovary; contains only a few cells, one of which is an egg |
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Definition
| a pore in the integuments of an ovule |
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Definition
| structure on the end of a seta in bryophytes that contains sporangium and produces spores by meiosis |
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Definition
| ring of toothy structures that regulate the dispersal of spores from the capsule |
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Definition
| one cotelydon, veins usually parallel, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system develops from adventitious roots rising from the stem, floral organs in multiples of three, pollen grains have one opening |
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Term
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Definition
| two cotelydons, netlike veins, ring formation of vascular tissue, first root remains and forms taproot, floral organs in multiples of four or five, three openings in pollen grain |
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Term
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Definition
| contains tracheids and vessel elements (tracheids are found in xylem of all vascular plants while vessel elements are found in most angiosperms, some gymnosperms, and some seedless vascular plants); secondary walls; water moves from cell to cell through pits in the tracheids and vessels in the vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| cell contents exclusive of cell wall |
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Definition
| contains seive-tube members; lack organs, relient on companion cells; separated by seive plates |
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Definition
| thin, flexible cell walls; large, central vacuole; comprises "typical" plant cells, conducts various metabolic functions and photosynthesis; most retain their ability to divide and differentiate |
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Definition
| thicker cell walls; support young parts of the plant shoot; found in young stems and petioles; "strings" found in celery; lack secondary walls and lignin |
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Definition
| thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin; rigid, for support; contains two types of cells (sclereids and fibers) |
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Definition
| very thick, lignified walls; impart the hardness to nutshells and seed coats |
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Definition
| arranged in long, slender threads (a type of sclerenchyma cell) |
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Definition
| an organisms ability to alter itself in response to local environmental conditions |
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Definition
| most eudicots and gymnosperms have one; one main vertical root gives rise to many lateral roots; in angiosperms, the taproot often stores organic nutrients |
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Definition
| found in monocots and seedless vascular plants; a mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil, with no main root |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension of a root epidermal cell |
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Definition
| a structure that has the potential to forma lateral shoot (also called a branch); most lateral buds in young shoots are dormant |
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Definition
| the proximity of the terminal bud inhibits growth of axillary buds |
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Definition
| a single layer of tightly packed cells that form the dermal tissue of herbaceous plants |
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Definition
| replaces the epidermis in woody plants |
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Definition
| collective term to describe the "pillar" of vascular tissues |
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Definition
| stele of the root in angiosperms |
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Definition
| strands of vascular tissue found in the stems and leaves of angiosperms |
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Definition
| tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; consists of the pith (internal to the vascular tissue) and cortex (outside of vascular tissue) |
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Definition
| perpetually embryonic tissues that enable indeterminate growth in plants |
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Definition
| located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots, providing additional cells that enable primary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular cambium and cork cambium; add layers of tissue for secondary growth |
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Definition
| adds layers of secondary xylem (wood) and phloem |
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Definition
| replaces the epidermis with periderm |
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Definition
| cells that remain as sources of new cells in meristems |
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Definition
| cells displaced from the meristem that continue to divide until the cells that they produce become specialized |
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Definition
| includes the apical meristem and its derivatives |
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Definition
| where cells elongate in the stem |
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Definition
| where cells become functionally mature in the stem |
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Definition
| the innermost layer of the cortex in a rood; one cell thick; forms the boundary with the vascular cylinder; forms a selective barrier regulating the passage of substances from soil solution into the vascular cylinder |
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Definition
| the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder in a root; responsible for lateral growth |
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Definition
| finger-like projections along the flanks of the apical meristem |
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Definition
| one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf; specialized for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| layer of parenchyma cells on the lower part of the leaf; loosely arranged, with air spaces through which CO2 and oxygen circulate around the cells and up to the palisade region (air spaces are larger in the vicinity of stomata) |
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Definition
| connections from vascular bundles in the stem that pass through petioles and into leaves |
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Definition
| produce elongated cells (tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fibers, sieve-tube members, compaion cells, parenchyma, fibers of the phloem); have tapered (fusiform) ends, oriented parallel to the axis of a stem or root |
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Term
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Definition
| initials that are shorter and oriented perpendicular to the stem/root axis; produce vascular rays |
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Definition
| radial files consisting maily of parenchyma cells; living avenues that move water and nutrients between the secondary xylem and secondary phloem; store starch and other organic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of solutes down their gradients across a membrane; happens without the cell directly using metabolic energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the pumping of solutes across membranes against their electrochemical gradients, the combined effects of the concentration gradient of the solute and the voltage across the membrane; the cell must expend energy, usually in the form of ATP |
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Definition
| proteins embedded in the membrane that allow solutes to cross the lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| uses energy from ATP to pump hydrogen ions out of the cell, resulting in a proton gradient that the cell can use as potential energy |
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Definition
| a separation of opposite charges across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a transmembrane proton gradient links energy-releasing processes to energy-consuming processes in cells |
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Definition
| a transport protein coupling the downhill passage of one solute to the uphill passage of another |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined effects of solute concentration and physical pressure; determines the direction of movement of water; water that is not bound to solutes or surfaces moves from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential if there is no barrier to its flow |
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Definition
| proportional to the number of dissolved solute molecules; also called osmotic potential because solutes affect the direction of osmosis |
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Definition
| solute potential (same thing) |
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Definition
| the physical pressure on a solution (can be positive or negative); water in living cells is usually under positive pressure (turgor pressure) |
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Definition
| a cell is plasmolyzed when the protoplast shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution |
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Definition
| plant cells become flaccid as a result of turgor loss |
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Definition
| transport proteins that affect the rate at which water diffuses down its water potential gradient |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| continuum of cell walls plus extracellular spaces |
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Definition
| one of three possible roots for lateral transport; substances move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell, etc. |
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Definition
| the movement of a fluid driven by pressure; water and solutes move long distances through tracheids and xylem vessels and seive tube vessels |
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Definition
| a plant adapted to arid climates |
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Definition
| a plant organ that is a NET producer of sugar either by photosynthesis or the breakdown of starch |
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Definition
| an organ that is a NET consumer or storer of sugar (growing roots, buds, stems, fruits, tubers, bulbs) |
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Definition
| modified companion cells that have ingrowths of their walls, enhancing the transfer of solutes between the apoplast and symplast in mesophyll |
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Definition
| a chemical element that is required for a plant to complete a life cycle and produce another gneeration |
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