Poisoned by O₂

Uses fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Can use O₂ if present, but

Can do fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed

Toxin secreted by a microorganism

Can cause damage even when the microorganism is not present

Developed by systematists because Linnaean classification and phylogeny can differ

Only recognizes groups that include a common ancestor and all its descentdents. It does not have labels such as phylum, class, order, etc

A branch from which more than two groups emerge.

It indicates that the evolutionary relationships among the descendent taxa are not yet clear

Indicated when a species evolved

How much genetic change occurred in a lineage

Show that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendents

Shared homologous characters are used to construct clades

Shared derived character

An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Predicts features of an ancestor from features of its descendents

This has been applied to infer features for dinosaurs from their descendents, birds and croccodiles

Use constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change.

In orthologous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since they last shared a common ancestor

In paralogous genes, nucleotide substitutions are proportional to the time since the genes became duplicated.

1. Reducing Atmosphere

2. Thermal Vents

3. Extraterrestrial "seeding" - panspermia

4. Ice covered ocean

Agrregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure.

Those created in labs exhibit simple reproduction, metabolism, and maintain an internal chemical environment

Can be used to determine the absolute age of a fossil, based on the decay of a radioactive isotope.

A "parent" isotope decays to a "daughter" isotope at a constant rate. The rate of decay is expressed by the half-life: the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay.

Hypothesis for the origin eukaryotes consisting of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria and chloroplasts were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells

An alpha-protobacteria became mitochondria

A cyanobacteria became a plastid

Defines boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras

It is thought that it was caused by a huge volcano in Serbia

Marks the boundary between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

Caused by a comet, meteor, or asteroid in they Yucatan Peninsula.

Caused dinosaur extinction

Consequences of Continental Drift

1. Reduction in shallow water habitat

2. Colder, drier climate inland

3. Changes in climate as continents move toward and       away from poles

4. Changes in ocean circulation patterns leading to global cooling.

1. Alters ecological communities and niches available to organisms

2. Can take 5-100 million yrs for diversity to recover

3. Can pave the way for adaptive radiations

Rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to somatic development

It results in the retention of juvenile characters in the adult

Genes that determine which parts of the body forms which body parts