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| The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. |
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| Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form. |
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| The reactant on which an enzyme works. |
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| a process which occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable. |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. |
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| The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. |
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| The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). |
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| Phosphorylated intermediate |
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| recipient molecule that receives a phosphate from ATP making it more reactive than the original molecule (?) |
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| The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. |
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| Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. |
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| A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
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| A chemical reaction that breaks down bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
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| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumer by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
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| Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another. |
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| A measure of disorder, or randomness. |
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| The portion of a Biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. (There is an equation for calculating the change in this) |
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| Is the amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure. A measurement of energy.? |
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| The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics- |
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Definition
| The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive endergonic reaction. |
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| A Nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
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| Feedback inhibitors (tion) |
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| A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathways acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
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| Spontaneous –A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. |
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| is the cell’s energy shuttle- And adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. Adenosine triphosphate |
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| A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules. |
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| A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits. |
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| A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. |
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| Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; form of potential energy. |
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| The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
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| A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. |
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| The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. |
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| A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. |
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