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bio1500-3rd exam
N/A
44
Biology
Not Applicable
11/08/2009

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Term
What is ethology?
Definition
scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in their natural environments.
Term
Karl von Frisch
Definition
discovered symbolic languages between honeybees sharing information to locate a food source
Term
Konrad Lorenz
Definition
discovered the behavior of IMPRINTING, he showed the principals of imprint stimulus in greylag geese.
Term
Niko Tinbergen
Definition
studied spatial learning, analyzed female digger wasp, and noticed they could discover the location of its nest by the position of visible landmarks.
Term
Lovebirds (2 types)
Definition
-analyzed for nest building behavior to see if it was genetic

-1)PEACHFACED - put paper in tailfeathers to build nest

-2)FISCHERS - carries paper in its beak to build nest.

(HYBRID = express both components of behavior confused at first.)
Term
Innate Behavior
Definition
animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
Term
Fixed action patterns

What is an example of this behavior?
Definition
animal behavior, a sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and, once initiated, usually carried to completion.

Ex. GREYLAG GOOSE - mothers retrieving egg from nest

EUROPEAN CUCKOO-lays eggs in other species nest
Term
Learning
Definition
the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
Term
Habituation
Definition
forgetting unimportant stimulus, little responsiveness to stimuli.
Term
Imprinting
Definition
the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavior response to a specific individual or object, its a critical period of learning. (Konrad Lorenz)
Term
Association (classical conditioning)
Definition
behavior reward, arbitrary stimulus becomes associated with a particular outcome.
Term
Behavioral ecology (4 types of behaviors)
Definition
1)MIGRATION - gray whales moving to warmer places in winter for birth and food.

2)FEEDING - (optical foraging = max calories for least energy possible)

3)SOCIAL - antagonistic behaviors(fighting for alpha male), dominance hierarchy, territorial behavior.

4)MATING
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms
Term
H.B.D. Kettlewild, discovered what?
Definition
Biologist that study animals changing habits. 2 groups of peppered moths:

1st group-lighter before industrial revolution.

2nd group - darker due to pollution in the air from revolution.
Term
Genetic Drift (2 types)
Definition
-Process that causes fluctuations in allele frequencies from generation to generation.(mostly in small populations)

- Bottleneck Effect - size of population is reduced, from natural disaster or human actions. Survivors usually arent genetically similar as before.

-Founder Effect - few organisms are isolated from large population and form a new population, which genes aren't similar to original population.
Term
Natural Selection (3 types)

*check graphs on notes
Definition
1)STABILIZING - intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes.

2)DIRECTIONAL - organisms at one end of the phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other organisms.

3)Disruptive(diversify) - organisms on both ends of phenotypic range survive or reproduce more successfully than intermediate phenotypes.
Term
Heterotroph (examples)
Definition
organism that obtains organic food by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
Ex. DECOMPOSERS & PARASITES
Term
Fungi (3 types)
Definition
1)ZYGOMYCETES - fast growing molds
Ex. Black bread mold(has zygospores, structures on top that reproduce)

2)ASCOMYCETES - sac fungi - asci reproductive spores.Ex. morels,truffles,chestnut blights, penicillin

3)BASIOMYCETES - club fungi
Ex. rusts, smuts, puffballs, mushrooms

(*-mycetes = fungus)
Term
Special case: LICHENS
Definition
symbolic relationship between green algae and fungus, fungi provides shade for algae and algae produces sugar to feed fungi
Term
What is succession?
Definition
one plant/animal kingdom is replaced by another
Term
What are pioneer species?
Definition
invade an inhospitable place first
Term
What is dessication?
Definition
drying out, dehydrate
Term
Plant Kingdom (2 Types)
Definition
Bryophyta and Tracheophyta
Term
What are bryophyta?
Definition
non-vascular plants(can't have roots, stems, or leaves = no xylem or phloem)

Ex. mosses - very moist areas b/c of no roots,stems, leaves, stay low to ground, able to move on land, use spores to reproduce
Term
parts of vascular tissues
Definition
1)xylem 2)phloem
Term
What are tracheophytas? (2 types)
Definition
all vascular plants = xylem & phloem
1st type - seedless - began use of xylem & phloem, spores need moisture to grow (Ex. ferns & horsetails)
2nd type - seeded - live anywhere
(2 types - gymnosperms & angiosperms)
Term
What are gymnosperms?
Definition
-one type of seeded plants

-Greek- gymnos=nakes, sperm=seed

-conifers(ex. pine trees, cedar,redwoods)live in harsh conditions

-ginko(aka living fossils)MOST PRIMITIVE
Term
What are angiosperms?
Definition
-one type of seeded plants

-Greek- angio=container, sperm=seed

-flowery plants, developed fruit

-spreads easy b/c organisms like fruit

-good at reproducing
Term
What are some characteristics of Chordates?
Definition
1)notochord

2)dorsal nerve chord

3)gill slits

4)tail
Term
What is an myxini from the Chordata phylum?
Definition
has cartilage skeleton

Ex. hag fish (attaches to fish and sucks them dry)
Term
What is a chondrichthyes of the Chordata phylum?
Definition
has cartilage skeleton but w/ a jaw

Ex. Sharks
Term
What is a osteichthyes in the Chordata phylum?
Definition
bone fish, all have bone skeleton
Term
What is an amphibian?
Definition
1st group to leave water, bone skeleton, must reproduce in water.

Ex. Frogs, toads, salamanders
Term
What are reptiles? Which groups of echinoderms did they give rise to?
Definition
-internal fertilization, respiratory structures, developed the amniotic egg (water proof shells), reproductive organs

-BIRDS & MAMMALS
Term
Birds
Definition
can all maintain body temp, amniotic egg but w/ calcium shell, dont have teeth, legs have scales(<--from reptiles)
Term
Mammals (3 types)
Definition
-can all maintain body temp

1)MONOTREMES - most primitive form, lays eggs

2)MARSUPIALS - give birth early, young crawl into pouch to live Ex.kangaroos,opossums

3)PLECENTIALS - plecenta
Term
Characteristics of asexual reproduction?
Definition
1)one parent 2)same genetics(same geno and pheno) 3)everyone ABSOLUTELY THE SAME 4)energy cost - least expensive way to reproduce
Term
Characteristics of sexual reproduction?
Definition
1)uses a lot of energy 2)need to find a mate 3)fight for mates, set up territory and defend it
Term
What are types of asexual reproduction?
Definition
1)FRAGMENTATION - splitting in half, and each organism becomes and individual 2)BUDDING - hydra - buds off a little version of itself, dont need gametes; from one parent 3)PARTHENOGENESIS - growth of embryo and seeds w/o fertilization, eggs laid by females, all are the exact same Ex. insects
Term
Hermaphroditic is...?
Definition
has both male and female reproductive organs Ex. earthworms, 2 can mate and both be prego
Term
What is reproductive timing?
Definition
a breeding cycle per year (ex. mating in the fall, giving birth in spring <---deer)
Term
What is external reproduction?
Definition
gametes are dumped into the environment(eggs are put into environment and then sperm is put on top of it),99.99% of eggs are lost <-example of salmon
Term
what is internal reproduction?
Definition
gametes meet inside the female, protected just by moving, reptiles developed this process, only need to make a few eggs=saves energy,fetus remains inside until born(ex.mammals)
Term
What are two types of body symmetry?
Definition
radial and bilateral
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