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Definition
| movement of a substance against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) |
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| roteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water |
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| trans-membrane proteins found in the phospholipid bilayer membranes in our bodies. These channel proteins allow specific molecules/ions (eg. Na+) to pass through, thus crossing the membrane. |
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| gradual change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution. |
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| spread of particles through random motion from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration |
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| process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them |
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| teins that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions |
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| durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane |
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| spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins |
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| the biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily |
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| physical difference in temperature, pressure, charge, or concentration in two adjacent regions |
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| solution with lower water concentration or higher dissolved particle concentration |
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| solution with higher water concentration or lower dissolved particle concentration |
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| solutions have equal concentrations of water and equal concentrations of dissolved substances |
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| movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) |
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| moving biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes |
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| cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes and protists |
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Definition
| two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward |
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Definition
| orm of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell suspended within small vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes to hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| rocess by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized. |
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Definition
| intracellular protein or protein fraction having a high specific affinity for binding agents known to stimulate cellular activity |
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| feature and a function of the plasma membrane that is essential to maintain homeostasis by regulating the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell. |
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| process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. |
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| substance that can be dissolved (dispersed as ions or molecules) in a solvent |
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| fluid capable of dissolving a solute |
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| involved in the movement of ions and molecules |
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| energy needed to get a reaction started |
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| the part of an enzyme that interacts with the substrate during catalysis. |
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Definition
| adenosine diphosphate, a nucleotide essential in photosynthesis and glycolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the most common energy carrying molecule |
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Definition
| Small organic molecules can bind to enzymes and enhance/inhibit activity |
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Definition
| A substance capable of initiating or speeding up a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| processes that form or break chemical bonds between atoms; convert reactants to products |
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| form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa. |
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Definition
| reaction which involves two oxidants with a single reductant, where one reaction taken alone would be thermodynamically unfavorable |
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Definition
| transport high-energy electrons |
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Definition
| absorbing energy in the form of work; not spontaneous |
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Definition
| act as intermediates to carry energy between exergonic and endergonic reactions; only used within cells |
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| drive endergonic reactions |
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| Adequate amounts of formed product inhibit enzyme activity |
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| series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell |
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| The sum of all the chemical reactions inside a cell |
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| something "manufactured" by an enzyme from its substrate |
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| first part of reaction; what is started with |
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| substance acted upon by an enzyme |
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Definition
| modified C4 pathway for desert environments |
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Definition
| series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms |
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Definition
| An alternative, very efficient pathway used by plants living in areas with low levels of carbon dioxide, to convert carbon dioxide into a form usable by the plants during photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| any process through which gaseous carbon dioxide is converted into a solid compound |
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Definition
absorb blue and green light but reflect yellow, orange, or red (hence they appear yellow-orange)
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Definition
| movement of ions across a selectively-permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient |
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Definition
| green pigment found in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria |
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Definition
Energized electrons then passed down a series of electron carrier molecules
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Definition
| discrete bundle of electromagnetic (light) energy |
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Definition
| process in plant metabolism by which RuBP (a sugar) has oxygen added to it by the enzyme (rubisco), instead of carbon dioxide during normal photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
ability to capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy
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Definition
assemblies of proteins, chlorophyll, & accessory pigments
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Definition
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| pore, found in the leaf and stem epidermis that is used for gas exchange |
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Definition
semi-fluid medium within the inner membrane of chloroplast
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Term
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Definition
Disk-shaped sacs; ound within the stroma in stacks
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Term
| light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| first stage of photosynthesis; light energy is converted into chemical energy , in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP |
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Term
| light-independent reactions |
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Definition
chemical reactions that convertcarbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
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Term
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Definition
| catabolic pathway for the production of ATP |
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Definition
| actual production of ATP in cellular respiration; involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment |
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Term
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Definition
electron accepter that is utilized in cellular respiration; roduced during the Krebs cycle of cellular respiration
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Term
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Definition
| anaerobic (without oxygen) cellular process in which organic foods are converted into simpler compounds, and chemical energy (ATP) is produced |
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Definition
| occurs in cytosol; does not require oxygen; breaks glucose into pyruvate; yields two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose |
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Definition
| region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondria or a chloroplast |
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Definition
| occurs in mitochondria; requires oxygen; breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron carrier molecule produced in they cytoplasmic fluid by glycolysis and in the mitochondrial matrix by the Krebs cycle; donates electrons to the electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that is the end product of glycolysis. Glucose, enters the glycolytic pathway and becomes two molecules of pyruvate. |
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