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BIO113/ICCC
Chap14/Macek-Lachelt
27
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/25/2012

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Term
TRAIT
Definition
One of two or more variants in a genetic character
Term
TRUE-BREEDING
Definition
Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
Term
P GENERATION
Definition
The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental"
Term
F1 GENERATION
Definition
The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.
Term
F2 GENERATION
Definition
The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation
Term
LAW OF SEGREGATION
Definition
Mendel's first law, stating that two alleles in a pair segregate (separate form each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
Term
ALLELE
Definition
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Term
DOMINANT
Definition
Gene that produces the same phenotype in an organism regardless of allele-"the dominant gene for eye color is brown"
Term
RECESSIVE
Definition
Gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when the alleles are identical-"the recessive eye color is blue"
Term
PUNNETT SQUARE
Definition
A diagram in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype
Term
HOMOZYGOUS
Definition
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Term
HETEROZYGOUS
Definition
Having two different alleles for a given gene
Term
PHENOTYPE
Definition
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
Term
GENOTYPE
Definition
The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
Term
TESTCROSS
Definition
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype
Term
MONOHYBRID
Definition
An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids. EX: Parents of genotypes AA and aa produce a monohybrid of genotype Aa
Term
DIHYBRID
Definition
An organism that is monohybrid with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents of doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids. EX: parents of genotypes AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of AaBb.
Term
MULTIPLICATION RULE
Definition
A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities
Term
ADDITION RULE
Definition
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
Term
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Definition
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is indeterminate between the phenotypes of individuals for either allele
Term
CODOMINANCE
Definition
The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
Term
EPISTASIS
Definition
A type of gene interaction in which The phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
Term
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
Definition
An additive effect of two of more genes on a single phenotypic character
Term
PEDIGREE
Definition
A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of inheritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations
Term
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Definition
A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
Term
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
Definition
A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable boy movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10-20 years after onset of symptoms
Term
AMNIOCENTESIS
Definition
A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by the aspiration from a needle inserted in the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus
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