Term
| Evolution happens to ____ not _____. It is indicated by ____ in _____ __________ within those _____. |
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Definition
| populations, individuals, changes in allele frequencies within those populations. |
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Term
population
Members of a population posess genes taken from...? |
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Definition
group of individals, of a single species, living in the same place, at the same time.
a common gene pool
-same assortment of possible genes as everyone else in the population
"chossing from the same menu"
ex. different variations of eye colour, hair colour, and height |
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Term
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Definition
refers to changes in the composition of a species' gene pool from generation to generation - one of the scales of evolution
ex. beak size among the finches that Darwin observed
environmental conditions on islands fluctuate -> changes in birds fluctuate
increase in beak size every year may prove detrimental the next -> these fluctuations constitute microevolution |
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Term
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Definition
a change continues in one direction over a long period of time -> new species is created
ex. origin of flight = bigger change = due to gradual accumulation of smaller microevolutionary changes
-requires large amounts of time (thousands - millions years) |
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Term
| How the birds got their beaks? (using the molecular level) What does molecular biology contribute to evolutionary theory? |
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Definition
beak size affected by : bone morphogenetic protein 4 (bmp4) and calmodulin (CaM)
changes in timing and location of expression of these 2 proteins result in various sizes and shapes of beaks of Darwin's finches
It contributes its ability to show the mechanics behind the process. |
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Term
| Why would the Punnett square not work with the the gene pool of a population? When would it work? What is a "fixed" allele? |
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Definition
Alleles for a particular gene aren't present in a 1:1 ratio.
It would work if there was only one allele for a given gene in the pool.
When the alelle is "fixed" it means that it is permanent, and there is no variation for the trait among the individuals in the population. It cannot change unless mutation takes place. |
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Term
| What is allele frequency? |
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Definition
proportions of alelles in a population.
can be symbolized by p and the other by q.
frequencies add up to 1. |
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Term
Describe the Hardy-Weinberg Principle of Genetic Equilibrium.
What are the five assumptions?
What is the significance? |
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Definition
Hardy's/Weinberg's "answer" to Punnett's question
says that if nothing more than standard Mendelian segregation and recombination is going on, then neither allele nor genotype frequencies will change from generation to generation
1. everybody has an equal chance of mating with any member of the opposite sex.
2.there are no mutations from one allele to the next
3. the population is big
4. there is no migration
5. there is no natural selection
gives us a way to predict what a second, or third, etc. generation's allele frequencies will be if the population to which that generation belongs is not evolving.
-> can then monitor later generations and see if the allele frequencies in the latter match the prediction
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Term
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Definition
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Term
violations of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
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Definition
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