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| group of individuals of some species that lives in the same area and the same time |
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| study adaptations that let them thrive in demanding physical conditions |
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| how organisms respond to stimuli from their environment |
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| study morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations that allow individuals to live successfully in an area |
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study of how organisms interact with environment
**the scientific study of ecosystem composition, structure and function |
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| Interspecific Competition |
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| individuals from different species use same limiting resources |
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| Intraspecific Competition |
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| competition b/w members of the same species |
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| greenhouse, temp, precipitation, plant activity, rock weathering, carbon/carbonate transport to sea increases -- CO2 leaves drop -- everything slows |
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| always present defense traits of prey |
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| CO2 transferred to sea and buried to form carbonate rocks -- volcanic activity recycles CO2 back into atmosphere |
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| C fixation -- grazer/detrital -- food web -- atmosphere as CO2 |
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| a -/- interaction that occurs when different individuals use the same limiting resources |
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| fecundity/reproductive episode |
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| presence of 1 species inhibits establishment of another |
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| existing species does not affect probability of future species coming |
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| proportional impact on organisms in population does not change with population density |
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| recovery following disturbance |
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| proportional impact changes with population density |
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| spatial and temporal descriptors for a particular type of disturbance |
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| stability within a broad zone of variation around stable point |
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| stability with small zone of variation around stable point |
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| resistance and resilience |
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| likelihood of returning to initial state after being disturbed |
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| Intrinsic rate of increase |
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| max exponential growth under unlimiting conditions dN/dt = RmaxN |
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| likelihood of not changing in response to disturbing force |
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| control over stomatal density |
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| summarizes probability that an individual will survive and reproduce |
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| vascularized, cantilevered blades absorb radiation and CO2, transport nutrients, maintain rigidity/structure |
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| average amount of time b/w birth of parents and birth of their offspring |
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Walter Zimmermann
-- 4 step evolution of telomes
--3D branching of main stem
--repeated side branching
--plantation (branches in 1 plane)
--webbing (fill spaces b/w fine stem branches) |
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| addition of a constant % of individuals per time interval Ni = No x lamda ^t |
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addition of a constant # of individuals/time interval
N1=No + Zt |
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| Final stable stage of development in a community |
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| unchanging shape but overall population size may change |
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| exponential growth curve equation |
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| Biological communities as less stable individual species responding independently to environment w/ less predictable composition |
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| # born/1000 individuals in population over a specified time interval |
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| biological communities as stable, orderly, coevolved sets of species with predictive composition recovery |
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| # dying/1000 individuals in population over a specified time interval |
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| # trophic levels on average |
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| Per capita death rate (d) |
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| # dying in population over specified time interval |
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| average # of links for each species |
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| crossing over trophic levels |
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| per capita birth rate (b) |
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| #born per individual in population over a specified time interval |
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| structure, composition, food webs |
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| group of same age that can be followed through time |
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| defensive traits produced in response to presence of a predator |
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| one species closely resembles another |
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| # female offspring produced by each female in population |
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| harmful prey resemble eachother |
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| mimicry between dangerous prey and harmless prey species |
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| population growth momentum |
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| happens b/c large # of pre-reproductive juvenile individuals not yet passed into reproductive years |
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| herbivores consume plant tissue |
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| when the per-capita birth rate > net replacement . . . |
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| a predator kills and consumes all/most of another individual |
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| stable structure and constant population size |
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| 1 species suffers a much greater fitness decline than the other |
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| Competitive Exclusion Principle |
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| it is not possible for species with the same niche to coexist |
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| age of maturity, clutch size, reproductive frequency, life span, lifetime fitness |
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# of individuals in different age classes within the population
pre-reproductive ages -> reproductive ages -> post productive ages |
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# of organisms per unit space
#/area or #/volume |
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| sum of the isolated path populations |
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| combination of resources/areas used or conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors |
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| analysis of factors that affect the size and structure of populations through time |
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| the portion of resources/areas used or conditions tolerated when competition occurs |
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| # of individual organisms within a defined total space |
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| 2 species interfere directly for access to specific resources |
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| move to a new geographic area with likelihood of being more favorable |
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| choose more favorable locations within same geographic area |
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| mobile species protects its feeding/breeding territory against other species |
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| change in organismal state fluctuates with environment |
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| all interacting species experiences a roughly equal decrease in fitness |
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| 1 species produces toxins that negatively affect another |
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| within lifetime, long-term biochemical, physiological and/or morphological changes |
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| Happens when 1 species grows above another |
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| 1 species makes space unavailable to other species |
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| homeostatic change in organismal state relative to change in environment |
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| when two species consume the same resources |
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| role of organism in community |
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| judgement based off measured long-term conditions |
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| independent environmental factor and dependent organismal response variable |
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| Spatial - Temporal Variation |
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| temporal change in spatial patterns, or spatial difference in temporal patterns |
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| 2 independent environmental factor and dependent organismal response variable |
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| 3 or more independent environmental factor and dependent organismal response variable |
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| periodic, aperiodic, means vs. variation and extremes -- environment |
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| social, political economic, and ethical problems related to human impacts on ecosystems |
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| genes important for development |
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| agriculture, foresting, environmental science |
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| disturbance removes soil and its organisms |
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| Disturbance removes some/all organisms from area, but does not affect soil |
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| how nutrients/energy move among organisms and between organisms and surrounding atmosphere and soil/water |
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| first to come to area -- harsh life |
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| presence of an early arriving species makes conditions more favorable for future species |
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| all organisms and non living components in a particular region |
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| species that interact with each other within a particular area |
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| study of interactions and consequences of interactions between species |
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| how # of individuals changes over time |
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