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Definition
| organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world |
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| process of gathering information about events or in processes in a careful, orderly way |
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| information gathered from the observation |
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| a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience |
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| proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations |
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| factors in an experiment that can change |
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| factor in an experiment that a scientist wants to obverse |
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| factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes |
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| factor in an experiment a scientist purposely keeps the same |
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| set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life process |
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| process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
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| decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10 |
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| scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their enviroment |
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| part of earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere |
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| group of particular organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
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| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
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| assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area |
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| collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving enviroment |
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| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominate communities |
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Definition
| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from organic compounds |
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Definition
| organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds |
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Definition
| process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
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Definition
| process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
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| organism that obtains energy from foods the it consumes. CONSUMER |
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| organism that relied on other organisms for its food and energy HETEROTROPH |
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| organism that obtains energy by eating only plants |
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| organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
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Definition
| organism that obtains energy by eating animals and plants |
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Definition
| organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter |
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Definition
| organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter |
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Definition
| series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
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Definition
| network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
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| steps in a food chain or food web |
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| the graphical representation of the trophic levels (nutritional) by which the incoming solar energy is transferred into an ecosystem |
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Definition
| shows the number of individual organism at each trophic level |
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Definition
| shows the amount of food potentially available for each trophic level |
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| total amount of living tissue at each level |
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Definition
| process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to the other |
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Definition
| process by which water changes from liquid into an atmospheric gas |
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| loss of water from a plant through its leaves |
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| chemical substance that an organism requires to live |
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| biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem |
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| physical , or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem |
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Definition
| the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it |
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| full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions |
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Definition
| any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space |
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| competitive exclusion principle |
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Definition
| ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time |
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Definition
| interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism |
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| relationship in which two species live closely together |
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| symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship |
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Definition
| symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
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| symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and consequently harms it |
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Definition
| group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
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Definition
| dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rain trees |
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Definition
| layer in a rain forest by shorter trees and vines |
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Definition
| term used to refer to a tree that sheds its leaves during a particular season each year |
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Definition
| term used to refer to trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles |
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Definition
| layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the tundra |
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| temperate woodland and shrubland |
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| northwestern coniferous forest |
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Definition
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| tiny, free-floating, weakly swimming organism that occur in aquatic enviroment |
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| wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean |
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Definition
| ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year |
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| well-lit upper layer of the oceans |
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Definition
| permanent dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone |
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Definition
| number of individual per unit of area |
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Definition
| movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population |
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Definition
| movement of individual out of an area |
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Definition
| growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate |
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Definition
| growth pattern in which a populations growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth |
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Definition
| largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support |
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Definition
| factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease |
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| density-dependent limiting factor |
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Definition
| depend on the populations density. dont affect smaller, more scattered populations as much, include competition predation, parasitism, and disease |
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Term
| density-independent limiting factor |
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Definition
| affect all populations the same way, regardless of size of the populations |
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| predator-prey relationship |
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Definition
| mechanism of population control in which a population is regulated by predation |
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Definition
| the center of an atom which contains the proton and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities |
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Definition
| negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus |
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Definition
| substances consist entirely of on type of atom |
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Definition
| atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element |
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Definition
| substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
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Definition
| atom that has a positive or negative charge |
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Definition
| bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
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Definition
| bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
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Definition
| mallest unit of most compounds |
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Definition
| positively charged particle; located inside the atomic nucleus |
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Definition
| neutrally charged particle; located inside the atomic nucleus |
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Definition
| attraction between molecules of the same substance |
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Definition
| attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attractions unlike molecules |
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Definition
| material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
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Definition
| mixture of two or more substances in which the molecule of the substances are evenly distributed |
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Definition
| substances that is dissolved solvent to make a solution |
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Definition
| substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
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Definition
| mixture of water and nondissolved materials |
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Definition
| measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
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Definition
| compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
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Definition
| compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution |
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Definition
| weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
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Definition
| small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers |
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Definition
| large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
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Definition
| compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body |
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Definition
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Definition
| large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides |
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Definition
| macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
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Definition
| macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus |
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acid made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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Definition
| macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen; needed by the body the body for growth and repair and to make enzymes |
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Definition
| compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end |
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Definition
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Definition
| process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
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Definition
| element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| element or compound produced by a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| energy needed to get a reaction started |
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Definition
| protein that acts as a biological catalyst |
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| collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from the surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life |
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Definition
| idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Definition
| the center of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that contains the cells genetic material (DNA) and controls the cells activities |
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Definition
| organism whose cells contain a nuclei |
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Definition
| organism whose cell lack a nucleus |
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Definition
| specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| materials inside the cell membrane – not including the nucleus |
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Definition
| layers of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus in the cell |
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Definition
| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Definition
| threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
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Definition
| small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begin |
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Definition
| small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
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Definition
| internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified |
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Definition
| stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| cell organelle filled with enzyme needed to break down certain materials in the cell |
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Definition
| cell organelle that stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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Definition
| cell organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use |
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Definition
| organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
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Definition
| network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
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| one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animals near the nuclear envelope |
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| thin, flexible barrier around the cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
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| strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
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Definition
| double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
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Definition
| the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
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Definition
| process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
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Definition
| when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout the solution |
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
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| when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
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Definition
| energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
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Definition
| process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
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Definition
| process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulfs large particles and takes them into the cell |
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| process in which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
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| process by which cell releases large amounts of material |
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Definition
| process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as starches and sugars |
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Definition
| process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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Definition
| process by which a cell division into two new daughter cells |
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Definition
| series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
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Definition
| period of cell cycle between cell division |
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| area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
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| division of cytoplasm during cell division |
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| part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
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| first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
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Definition
| one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| fanlike microtubular structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
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Definition
| second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
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Definition
| the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
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Definition
| fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material |
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Definition
| one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic |
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| disorder in which some of the bodys own cells lose the ability to control growth |
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| scientific study of heredity |
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| process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
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| term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
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| specific characters that varies from one individual to another |
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| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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Definition
| separation of alleles during gamete formations |
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| specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
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| likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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| diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from genetic cross |
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| term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
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| term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
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| physical characteristic of an organism |
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| genetic makeup of an organism |
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| independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
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| situation in which one allele is not complete dominant over another |
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Definition
| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
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Definition
| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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| term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex parent |
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
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Definition
| process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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Definition
| structure containing 2 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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Definition
| process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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| James Watson and Francis Crick |
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Definition
| developed the double-helix model of the structure of DNA |
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Definition
| studied the DNA molecule using a technique called Xray diffraction |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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Definition
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| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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