Term
| What are the different evidences Darwin found to support )natural selection? |
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Definition
-Fossil evidence
-Artificial Selection
-Embryology
-Vestigial Organs
--Homologous/analogous traits
-Biogeography
(Fat Amy Eats Very Hot Brownies)
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Term
Homologous Characteristics-
Analogous Characteristsics |
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Definition
-Body Structures that come from the same ancestor but have different functions (ex: arm bone is present in whales, humans, and birds. they all use them differently.)
-Body structures that don't come from the same ancestor but have the same functions. (ex:size of teeth in different animals. they are both used for the same functions but they come from different ancestors.)
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Term
Directional Natural Selection
Disruptive/Diversifying NS
Stabilizing NS |
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Definition
-Where either one extreme or the other are favored but not the middle characteristic
-Where both extremes are favored at the same time
-Where the middle characteristic is favored and both extremes aren't |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that competition between groups of people leads to social progress because the superior groups outcompete inferior ones. This has led to eugenics, nazism, racism, etc. |
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Term
| For how long has evolution been occuring? |
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Definition
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Term
-How many years ago did the earth begin?
-When did the first cell come up? What was the name of the kind of cell?
-When was oxygen first added to the environment? What changes did this bring to what organisms there were?
-When did animals start moving onto land and also when did they start being multicellular? |
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Definition
-4.6 bya
-3.5 bya; they were prokaryotic cells
-2 bya-Caused protistas (eukaryotic cells but still unicellular) to be dominant because they could protect against it)
-600 mya (paleozoic era)
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Term
| Who was Leclerc? What year did he make his discovery? |
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Definition
| -The first to come up with the concept of evolution (1749) before Darwin was around |
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Term
| Who was Lamarck? What was his idea about? |
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Definition
-The guy who made up the Law of Use and Disuse
-Said that the reason why animals change over time is because their characteristics change b/c of the environment and then pass them on to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| -He proved the law of use and disuse wrong. Cut off rat tails and saw that changes in physical characteristics were not connected to genetics passed down to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Found the same info. as Darwin and found it the same way. He eventually was the co-writer of Darwin's book so they could both have the responsibility for the discovery of natural selection. |
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Term
-microevolution
-macroevolution |
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Definition
-changes in a single population of animals (lots of species of bird coming from at first one type)
-changes from different species into different animals. how humans and monkeys can have the same ancestors. |
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Term
| What is De Vries mutation theory and what effect did its discovery have? |
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Definition
| -This theory said that change in species can occur not only through natural selection but also quickly with genetic mutations. This caused there to be more support for evolution. |
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Term
-Radiometric dating
-relative dating |
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Definition
-Dating fossils based on the radioactive isotopes in rocks. This is the more effective because the amount of years ago it dates back to can be found.
-We determine the date of a fossil by looking at its layer in land (the lowest one will be the oldest). This can't tell us exactly how many years ago its from though. |
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Term
| What are three of the requirements for something to be able to fossilize? |
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Definition
-There can't be too much bacteria
-only certain types of rock
-need to have enough minerals around |
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Term
How many years ago did:
-Hominins diverge from other hominids
-Humans diverge from other hominins |
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Definition
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Term
Difference between each of these primates?:
-Prosimians
-Monkeys
-Apes |
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Definition
-These are lemurs
-These have tails
-These don't have tails and which humans are a part of |
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Term
| 5 hominins in order of how far back it dates back to and also describe what inferred from their ways of life? |
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Definition
-4.5 mya-Ardipithecus-“ardy” what was special about him?
-3.5 mya-A. Afarensis-“lucy”-could walk because hip bone was slanted like humans unlike other monkeys who can’t walk b/c theirs is straight. (something about feet too?)
-2 mya- H. Habilis-Tool use so means that they walked (must’ve had hands free to do this).
-1 mya-H. erectus-evidence of fire use (as well as tools of course) which means that they could travel to northern places and cook food (b/c of fire and b/c of evidence of these in diff. parts of the world)
-500kya Neanderthalensis-“caveman”-strong evidence of culture (buried their relatives together and had societal relationships; were also smarter and stronger than us). |
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Term
| What are the four components needed to make life? |
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Definition
-No free oxygen (will mutate DNA)
-lots and lots of time
-chemical building blocks (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen)
-Energy (sun, lightning, volcano, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
-Ancestors of just humans
-Ancestors of all apes |
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