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| The typical osmolarity of human blood is... |
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| Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is |
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| Cattle are able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material because |
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| They have cellulose-digesting symbiotic microorganisms |
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| The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart |
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Definition
| Prevents backflow of blood in aorta + pulmonary arteries |
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| Jenner's successful use of a cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that |
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| there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses |
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| Urea is produced in the... |
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| The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to... |
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| A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a... |
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| The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is |
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| The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from |
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| The osmolarity of human urine |
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| can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of plasma |
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| Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are |
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| Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because |
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| they are not able to synthesize these nutrients |
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| foreign molecules that trigger generations of antibodies |
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| In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the |
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| In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of |
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| Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because |
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| water has less oxygen than air per volume |
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| The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is |
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| With a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in |
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| Acidity in human urine is an example of |
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| Digestive secretions with a PH of 2 are characteristics of the |
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| Which of the following is excreted as a paste by land snails, insect, birds, and many reptiles, because of its solubility and toxicity properties? *Image |
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| Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate? |
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| Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because... |
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| rapid mutation alters surface proteins |
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Term
Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence:
I. Pathogen is destroyed
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.....
III
IV
V |
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Definition
| III ---> IV ---> II ---> I ---> V (3, 4, 2, 1, 5) |
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Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following?
I. Fibrinogen
II. Hemoglobin
III. Immunoglobulin |
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Definition
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| Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because |
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Definition
| nearly all their cells are in direct with external environments |
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| An immunoglobulin molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of |
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Definition
| One C region and one V region |
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| A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that they have a.. |
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Definition
| extensive set of active transport ion pumps |
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| Normal immune responses can be described as polyclonal because |
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Definition
| diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of an antigen |
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| During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of |
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| Which of the following digestive organs is incorrectly paired with its function? |
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Definition
| Large intestine-bile production |
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| Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? |
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| Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that |
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Definition
| begins hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach |
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| The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ______ with its ______ enviorments |
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Definition
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| Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have |
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Definition
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| Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having |
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Definition
| a thick mucus secretion + active mitosis of epithial cells |
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| An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with |
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Definition
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| The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule is a |
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Definition
| consequence of blood pressure in capillaries of glomerulus |
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Term
| This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends |
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Term
| When stimulated by Aldosterone, the reabsorption of NA+ is increased along |
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Definition
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| Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because |
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Definition
| rib muscles + diaphragm contract, increasing lung volume |
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| The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates |
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Definition
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| After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is |
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Definition
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| The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is |
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Definition
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Term
| the function of antibodies is to |
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Definition
| mark pathogenic cells for destruction |
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Term
| Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in |
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| The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to |
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Definition
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| A key part of the humoral immune response is |
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Definition
| production of antibodies by plasma cells |
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Definition
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| An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is |
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| Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. The highest rate of nutrient absorption occurs at location... |
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| Examine the digestive system structures in the figure above. Bacteria that produce vitamins as products are residents of the location |
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Definition
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Term
| The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that |
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Definition
| urea is less toxic than ammonia |
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Term
| Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes? |
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Definition
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| Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the |
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Definition
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Term
| B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when |
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Definition
| helper T cells release cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor |
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Term
| Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because |
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Definition
| hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure |
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Term
| Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long |
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