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| A group of individuals of the same species living within a specified area is a |
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| The number of individuals per unit of area or volume in the habitat |
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| Forced by the occurrence of resources,________, is the most common dispersion pattern in nature |
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| Humans in N. America show a ________ distribution pattern |
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| What is the max rate of increase in numbers by a population? |
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| Births, deaths, immigration, and emigration are the factors determining what? |
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| When births and deaths are equal, there is ____________. |
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Definition
| ZPG or Zero population growth |
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| The _________ is the difference between the birth and death rate. |
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Definition
| intrinsic rate of increase (r) |
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| When limiting factors are absent, population growth is _______. |
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Definition
| exponential (j-shaped curve) |
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Term
| Ideally, populations are limited in size by ________. |
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Definition
| habitat carrying capacity |
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Term
| __________ is determined by resource availability and organismal tolerance of habitat conditions |
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Definition
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| If population changes are not related to its size, the causative factors are called ____________. |
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| At high population densities, parasitism, disease, predation and competition all would |
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Definition
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| A group born into a population at the same time is called _________ |
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Definition
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| The proximate and primary cause of human deaths worldwide is ________ |
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Definition
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| Population ‘explosion’ can be caused by ___________, ____________, ___________ or ___________. |
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Definition
| increasing K, new habitats, removing limiting factors, or better medicines. |
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Term
| The first human populations occurred in the |
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Definition
| grasslands or savannah habitats. |
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Term
| The largest decrease in human population size was caused by a disease, |
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Definition
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Term
| If human population growth actually fell to ZPG level, it would take _____ years for population growth to stop. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most reasonable and reliable way to limit population growth is to __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A rapidly growing population shows an ‘age structure diagram’ that is a pyramid with a |
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Definition
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Term
| Developing (less industrialized) countries tend to be farther from |
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Definition
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Term
| Cycling of nutrients and flow of energy between community and the environment describes an |
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Definition
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Term
| A combination of only producers and decomposers could be a |
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Definition
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| Without __________, bacteria and fungi, most nutrients would stop cycling and wastes would accumulate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The word ‘trophic’ means literally |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ depend only on the available energy from outside sources, not other trophic levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| For a terrestrial ecosystem, the ultimate source of energy input is __________. |
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Definition
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| Most of the energy within an ecosystem is ultimately loss |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ consume particulate or bulk dead organic material and, thus, must be animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Accumulation of toxic materials as nutrients move through a food chain is |
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Definition
| ‘biological magnification.’ |
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Term
| _________________ = energy stored in plant tissue – energy used in cell respiration. |
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Definition
| ‘Net primary productivity’ |
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Term
| Primary producers occur at the bottom or base of a _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy does not cycle through an |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the water vapor in the atmosphere on earth comes from evaporation from |
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Definition
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Definition
| living biomass, fossil fuels, rocks, or shells of animals. |
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Definition
| dissolved carbonates or bicarbonates, carbon dioxide, or plant cellulose. |
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Term
| Carbon can be put into the atmosphere by |
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Definition
| respiration, volcanoes, burning coal, or diffusion from the ocean. |
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Term
| In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is currently increasing and acts as a |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon enters animals in the form of |
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Definition
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Term
| The main source of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the |
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Definition
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Term
| The greatest concentration and source of nitrogen on earth is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Crop rotation involving legumes can be used to replace or maintain |
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Definition
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| Plants utilize nitrogen in the forms of |
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Definition
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| Heterotrophic organisms include all those except |
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