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Bio Test
Test Tomorrow
70
Biology
10th Grade
12/08/2011

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Term
Glycolysis is the _____ phase of ____ _____
Definition
1st phase of aerobic respiration
Term
Define Glycolysis
Definition
Process that partially breaks down glucose and harvests some of its energy
Term
Where does Glycolysis occur
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
What organisms does Glycolysis take place in?
Definition
All organisms
Term
Beginning equation of Glycolysis
Net gain of ATP in Glycolysis
Definition
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 4Pi
Net gain of 2 ATP
Term
Step 1 of Glycolysis is called
And define
Definition
Energy investment step
ATPs provide enough energy for whole reaction
Term
Why would delta G be negative in Glycolysis?
Why positive?
Definition
Negative if ATP is broken down
Positive if ATP is built, besides when 1,3 -Bisphosphoglycerate because it is unstable
Term
Kinase
Definition
Moves phosphate group
Term
Isomerase/Multase
Definition
Same atoms rearranged
Term
G3P
Definition
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Term
PEP
Definition
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Term
DHAP
Definition
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Term
After glucose and before pyruvate in Glycolysis everything is considered an ______
Definition
intermediate
Term
Three irreversible Reactions
1.
3.
10.
why random numbers?
what do they all have in common
Definition
1. hexokinase
3. phosphofructokinase
10. pyruvate kinase
numbers are what step
very negative delta G
Term
Why are the three irreversible Glycolysis reactions irreversible
Definition
Because them backwards would have a very high delta G
Term
PEP definition
Definition
Inhibitor for the 3rd step. Feed back inhibition
Term
ADP- Hard to say what the three are
1. _____ signals
2. _____ of this = ______ of ______
3. Activator of ________
Definition
1. Hunger
2. Alot of this = a lot of ATP
3. phosphofructokinase
Term
Aresenate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause?
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Prevents Phosphate from being added to sugar
Term
Iodoacetate
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause?
Definition
Affects GAP dehydrogenase
Covalently binds to active site of enzyme
Term
Fluoride ion
What does it affect?
What does that ^ cause?
Definition
Affects Enolase
Sticks to Mg+2 ion at active site and blocks substrate from entering
Term
Where does fermentation take place
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
Fermentation Reaction
and why
Definition
Reaction to recycle NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen
So you can still do glycolosis
Term
Three steps of Aerobic Respiration
1.
2. Two parts technically
3.
Definition
1. Glycolosis
2. Link/Transition Phase & Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Term
Reactants of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3.
Definition
Pyruvate
NAD+
Coenzyme A
Term
Products of Link/Transition Phase
1.
2.
3.
Definition
CO2
Acetyl CoA
NADH
Term
Reactants of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
And what to remember about them
Definition
Acetyl CoA
3NAD+
ADP + P
FAD
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled
Term
Products of of Krebs Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
And what to remember about them
and where is energy stored?
Definition
2 CO2
ATP- I think Energy Stored
3 NADH-Energy Stored
FADH2-Energy Stored
Coenzyme A
Since Glycolosis produces two pyruvates, they are technically doubled
Term
4 Carbon molecule, last molecule in Krebs cycle before it repeats
Definition
Oxaloacetate
Term
6 Carbon molecule, first molecule of Krebs cycle after CO2+CoA
Definition
CItrate
Term
Isomer of Citrate
Definition
Isocitrate
Term
What is a pyruvate?
Definition
Three carbon molecule
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
Energy or motion
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
Stored Energy
Term
Concentration gradient potential energy
Used in?
Definition
(Used in Secondary Active Transport) Energy due to concentration gradient
Term
Chemical energy
Where is energy stored?
What two groups of bonds?
Definition
Carbon-Carbon bonds
High energy phosphate-phosphate bonds
Energy stored in bonds
Term
Photosynthesis chemical formula
Definition
Sun energy + 6H20 + 6 CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Chemical energy)
Term
Respiration chemical formula
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H20 + 6 CO2 + Chemical Energy (in form of ATP)
Term
Anabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define
Definition
Photosynthesis, Condensation
Builds something up & Requires energy
Term
Catabolic Reactions
Two Examples
Define
Definition
Respiration, Hydrolysis
Break something down & Releases Energy
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Law of Conservation of Energy
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Free energy is the energy available to do work
Always decreasing
Term
Entropy
Definition
Measure of disorder. Always increasing in a closed system
Term
Transition State
Definition
Change from stable to unstable for a change to occur
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
Energy required to get the reactants into an unstable transition state
Term
ATP macromolecule category & Type
Definition
Nucleic Acid
RNA Nucleotide
Term
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Definition
Take phosphate off ATP & put onto something else to give it energy
X + O + ATP =-Enzyme XO + AMP + PPi + light
Term
Coupled Reaction
Definition
Energy is transferred from one side of the reaction to the other.
Term
Extra hydrogens equals ____ _____
Definition
Extra Electrons
Term
Another type of electron carrier besides NAD+
Definition
FADH2
Term
Allosteric Site
Definition
The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencing its ability to be active.
Term
Irreversible Inhibitors
Definition
Permanently destroys enzyme, not common in cells
Term
Activators
Definition
Molecules that bond to allosteric sites and support the binding of the substrate at the active site
Term
Exergonic
Definition
negative delta G
spontaneous
Term
Endergonic
Definition
Positive delta G
nonspontaneous
Term
Induced Fit Model
Definition
Enzyme changes shape slightly as the substrate bonds
Term
Lock and Key Model
Definition
Substrate bonds to active site and then its bonds are weakened and produces two or more things
Term
Competitive Inhibitor
Definition
Inhibitor binding to active site
Term
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Definition
Inhibitor binding to allosteric site thus changing shape of enzyme
Term
Resulting equation of Glycolysis
What is used in Krebs/Link
Definition
2 pyruvates + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 4 ATP + 2NADH
Pryuvates used in Link/Krebs Cycle becomes Acetyl CoA which is used in Krebs
Term
Lactic Acid Fermentation Equation
Definition
2 Pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2 Lactic Acid
Term
Alcohol Fermentation Equation
Definition
2 Pyruvic acid have 2 CO2 removed to become Acetaldehyde
THEN
2 Acetaldehyde 2 NADH + 2H+ = 2NAD+ + 2Ethanol
Term
Where does Transition Phase occur
Definition
Mitochondrion Matrix
Term
Reactants of Oxidative Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Definition
3ADP
3Pi
NADH
1/2 O2
Bunch of H+
Term
Products of Oxidate Phosphorylation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Definition
3ATP
H20
NAD+
H
FAD+
Term
ATPs made from all Aerobic Respiration
How many in Glycolysis?
How many in Link
How many in Krebs
How many in Oxidative
Definition
36 total
net of 2 from Glycolysis
0 from link
2 from Krebs
32 from Oxidative
Term
How many NADH and FADH in:
Glycolysis
Link
Krebs
Definition
2 NADH in Glycolysis
2 NADH in Link
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 in Krebs
Term
How many ATPs do NADH produce
How many ATPs do FADH2 produce
How many ATPs do the 2 NADHs from Glycolysis make
Definition
NADH= 3 ATP
FADH2= 2 ATP
NADH from Glycolysis= 2 ATP due to passing though mitochondrion membrane
Term
Electron Transport chain
Two things that occur and where
Well three sort of
Definition
NADH = NAD+ occur on integral membrane protein
FADH2 = FAD+ Integral membrane protein DIFFERENT then the NADH
Oxygen collects e- and becomes water and the hydrogen goes to ATP synthase
Term
Yeast does ____ fermentation
Humans do _____ fermentation
Definition
Yeast does Ethanol Fermentation
Humans do Lactic Acid Fermentation
Term
Oxidative puts NADH to NAD+ while _______ does so as well but without something
Definition
Fermentation does so without oxygen
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