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bio test 2
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88
Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/08/2012

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Term
lipids
Definition
diverse group of water-insoluable mosly nonpolar biological molecules composed mostly of hydrocarbons
Term
neutral lipids
Definition
called energy storage molecules. they are neutral because at cellular PH they have no charged groups. They are therefore non polar
Term
examples of neutral lipids
Definition
oils and fats
Term
oils are what at bilogical temperature
Definition
liquid
Term
fats are what at bioogical temperature
Definition
semisolid
Term
Fatty acid
Definition
contains a single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
Term
saturated
Definition
when a hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid binds the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, so only single bonds link the carbon atoms
Term
unsaturated
Definition
if one or more double bonds link the carbons reducing the number of carbon atoms bound
Term
monounsaturated
Definition
fatty acids with one double bond
Term
polyunsaturated
Definition
fatty acids with more than one double bond
Term
unsaturated fatty acid chains tend to what at the double bond?
Definition
bend or kink
Term
hydrogenation
Definition
adding hydrogen atoms to increase the degree of saturation
Term
phospholipid
Definition
the primary lipids of cell membranes
Term
steroids
Definition
group of lipids with structures based on a framework of 4 carbon rings
Term
triglyceride
Definition
if a fatty acid binds a dehydration synthesis at each of glycerols three-OH bering sites, the polar groups are eliminated, producing a non polar compound
Term
cholesterol
Definition
is an important component of the boundary membrane surrounding animal cells
Term
amino acid
Definition
a molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group
Term
peptide bond
Definition
is formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the NH2 group of one amino acid of the COOH group of a second
Term
N terminal end
Definition
an amino acid chain always has an NH2 group (NH3 in ionized form) at one end
Term
C terminal end
Definition
has a COOH group (COO- in ionized form) at the other end
Term
C terminal end
Definition
has a COOH group (COO- in ionized form) at the other end
Term
polypeptide
Definition
a chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds
Term
primary structure of a protein
Definition
is the particular and unique sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide
Term
Secondary structure
Definition
is produced by the twists and turns of the amino acid chain
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
is the folding of the amino acid chain with its secondary structures, into the overall three-demensial shape of a protein.
Term
All proteins have
Definition
primary secondary and tertiary structures
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
the arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that is formed from more than one chain
Term
alpha helix
Definition
it is the backbone of the amino acid chain which is twisted into a regular right hand spiral
Term
beta sheet
Definition
b strands are aligned side by side in the same or opposite directions to form a structure known as a beta sheet
Term
random coil
Definition
the amino acid chain has an irregularly folded arrangement
Term
conformation
Definition
the tertitary structure of a protein is its overall three dimensional shape
Term
denaturation
Definition
unfolding a protein from its active conformation so that it loses its structure and function
Term
renaturiation
Definition
the reversal of denaturation
Term
chaperone proteins
Definition
or known as guide proteins. they bind temporarily with newly synethesised proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold.
Term
conformational changes
Definition
the tertituary structureof most proteins is flexible allowing them to undergo limited alterations in three demential shapes
Term
domains
Definition
folding of amino acid chains produces distinct large structural subdivisions
Term
motifs
Definition
three dimensional arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains also produces highly specialized regions
Term
what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
DNA
Definition
stores the heriditary information responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes ina large group of viruses
Term
RNA
Definition
is the heriditary molecule of another large group of viruses in all organisms, one major type of RNA carries the instructions for assembling proteins from DNA to the sites where proteins are made inside cells
Term
nucleotide
Definition
the monomer of nucleic acids
Term
nucleotides consist of what three parts linked together by covalent bonds
Definition
a nitrogeneous base, a five carbon ring shaped sugar, and one to three phosphate groups.
Term
nitrogenous base
Definition
formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms
Term
what are 2 types of nitrogenous bases
Definition
purines and pyrimidines
Term
purines
Definition
has 2 carbon nitrogen rings
Term
pyrimidines
Definition
has one carbon nitrogen ring
Term
what are three pyrimindine bases
Definition
uracil, thyamine, and cytosine
Term
what are 2 purine bases
Definition
adenine and guanine
Term
deoxyribose and ribose are what
Definition
5 carbon sugars
Term
nucleoside
Definition
is a structure containing only a nitrogenous base and a five carbon sugar
Term
phosphodiester bond
Definition
DNA and RNA consist of chains of nucleotides, polynucleotide chains, with one nucleotide linked to the next by a bridging phosphate group between the 5 carbon of one sugar and and the 3 carbon of the next sugar inline
Term
who invented the double helix
Definition
watson and crik
Term
double helix
Definition
consists of 2 nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral that resembles a twisted ladder
Term
template
Definition
in DNA replication one nucleotide chain is used as a template for the assembly of a complementary chain according to the A-T and G-C base pairing rules
Term
metabolism
Definition
the biochemical modification and use of organic molecules and energy to support the activities of life
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
is the energy of an object because it is in motion
Term
potiental energy
Definition
is stored energy which is the energy an object has because of its location or chemical structure
Term
thermodynamics
Definition
the study of energy and its transformations
Term
what is the second law of thermodynamics
Definition
states this tendency toward disorder formally in terms of a system and its surroundings: any process in which a system changes from its initial to final state
Term
entropy
Definition
disorder
Term
spontaneous reactions
Definition
predicting wheather any particular chemical of physical rxn will occur without the input of energy
Term
enthalpy
Definition
the potential energy in a system
Term
exothermic
Definition
reactions that release energy
Term
endothermic
Definition
reactions that absorb energy
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
is one that releases free energy
Term
Endergonic reaction
Definition
gains free energy from the surroundings
Term
catabolic pathway
Definition
energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds
Term
anabolic pathway
Definition
energy is used to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
Term
energy coupling
Definition
ATP comes into close contact with a reactant molecule involved in an endergonic reaction and when ATP is hydrolyzed the terminal phosphate group is transferred to the reactant molecule
Term
phosphorylation
Definition
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
Term
ATP/ADP cycle
Definition
the continual hydrolysis and resynethsis of ATP
Term
activation energy
Definition
the initial energy investment required to start a reaction
Term
catalyst
Definition
a chemical agent that accelerates the rate of a reaction without itself being changed by the reaction
Term
catalysis
Definition
the process of accelerating a reaction with a catalyst
Term
enzymes
Definition
the most common biological catalysts are proteins
Term
substrate
Definition
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
Term
enzyme specifity
Definition
each type of enzyme catalyzes the reaction of a single type of substrate molecule or a group of closely related molecules
Term
active site
Definition
the place on the enzyme where catalysis occurs
Term
cofactor
Definition
a nonprotein group that binds percisely to the enzyme for catalytic activity
Term
coenzymes
Definition
other cofactors which are small organic molecules. they are often derived from vitamins
Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
the inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to the active site
Term
noncompetitive inhibition
Definition
they bind to an enzyme at a location other than the active site
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
when enzyme activity is controlled by the reversible binding of a regulatory molecule to the allosteric site
Term
allosteric site
Definition
a location on the enzyme outside the active site
Term
allosteric activator
Definition
converts it from the low to high affinity state and therefore increases enzyme activity
Term
allosteric inhibitor
Definition
converts an allosteric enzyme from the high to low affinity state and therefore decreases enzyme activity
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction
Term
ribozymes
Definition
are RNA based catalysts which are part of the biological machinery of all cells
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