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Bio Test
Josh's
84
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/26/2009

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Term
light microscopes
Definition
use light to amplify image through a lens; advantages are that the cell is still alive so you can see it @ work; disadvantages are that the amplification and magnification is limited
Term
electron microscopes
Definition
uses excited electrons to formulate the structure of organelles or even membranes; advantages are that you get a lot more details and you can see the structure of the membrane and organelles; disadvantages is that the cells are dead
Term
Cell Fractionation
Definition
breaks the cell apart into its individual components by spinning the sample of cells at high speeds to break into pieces according to differences in mas
Term
what domains contain prokaryotes?
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea
Term
what are some eukaryotic cells
Definition
protists, fungi, animals and plants are
Term
ALL CELLS
Definition
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
Term
location of Prokaryotes
Definition
nucleoid region that is not membrane enclosed
Term
location of Eukaryotes
Definition
nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane
Term
interior of Prokaryotes
Definition
the entire interior is referred to as the cytoplasm
Term
interior of Eukaryotes
Definition
cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Term
membrane enclosed organelles- prokaryotes
Definition
absent
Term
membrane enclosed organelles- eukaryotes
Definition
present; compartmentalization helps to isolate functions that would interfere with one another (incompatible metabolic processes)
e.g. mitochondria (glycolysis-pyruvate processing-Krebs’s cycle)
Term
function of Nucleus
Definition
houses most of the cell's DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
double membrane, each one is a lipid bilayer with proteins
Term
pores of nuclear membranes
Definition
at the lip of each pore the inner and outer membranes run together as one
pore complexes are the proteins that serve as regulators of protein, RNA & macromolecules
Term
chromatin
Definition
proteins & DNA
Term
proteins
Definition
histones
Term
nucleoli
Definition
found in a non dividing nucleaus
rRNA is synthesized here for the formation of ribosomes
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
high levels of protein synthesis
Definition
high number of ribosomes
Term
bound ribosomes
Definition
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope; assemble proteins that are used for the insertion into the membrane, for packaging within certain organelles, & protein secretion
Term
free ribosomes
Definition
free are scattered throughout the cytosol; proteins are used in the cytosol—that are made from the ribosomes
Term
Endomembrane System
Definition
different membranes of the cell
Term
Endomembrane System
Definition
different membranes of the cell
Term
Endomembrane System
Definition
different membranes of the cell
Term
tasks of Endomembrane System
Definition
1)protein synthesis and their movement in and out of the cell
2)metabolism & movement of lipids
3)detoxification of poisons
Term
vesicles
Definition
sacs made of membrane which are extremely important for transport and are little
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
extensive network of membrane (cisterae)
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
1)synthesis of lipids
2)detoxification-adding hydroxyl groups making them more soluble to flush from the body
3)stores calcium ions- can trigger muscle contractions
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
1)synthesizes secretory proteins, most often glycoproteins
2) membrane factory
3) transport system
Term
function of Golgi apparatus
Definition
manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, & shipping-
macromolecules are modified and stores and then sent elsewhere
Term
cis & trans faces
Definition
act as the receiving and shipping centers
**cis is usually on the ER side
Term
lysosomes
Definition
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes
** not found in plant cells**
Term
vacuoles
Definition
contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell (osmoregulation), plants use vacuoles for hydrolysis
Term
important compounds stored in vacuoles
Definition
1)organic and inorganic molecules
2)metabolic by-products
3)pigments
4) poisonous compounds to protect against predators
Term
what is included in the Endomembrane System
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane,Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
site of cellular respiration
Term
make up of the Mitochondria
Definition
cytoplasm—outer membrane—intermembrane space—inner membrane—mitochondrial matrix
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
1)part of the plastid family
2)converts light energy to chemical energy
3)thylakoid, stroma, & grana
Term
catabolic
Definition
gain energy, breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones
e.g. cellular respiration
Term
anabolic
Definition
lose energy
1)biosynthetic pathways
2)amino acid to protein
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
relative motion of objects
moving objects can perform work by making other things move
Term
potential
Definition
energy that matter possesses because of its structure & location
Term
chemical energy
Definition
arrangement of molecules and atoms
glucose is high in chemical energy
Term
REDOX REACTIONS
Definition
CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
Term
oxidation
Definition
removes electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
adds electrons
Term
alcohol fermentation
Definition
1)pyruvate is stripped of a CO2
2)and the remaining acetaldehyde is stripped of electrons and protons to form ethanol and NADH
Term
lactic fermentation
Definition
pyruvate is immediately stripped of its electrons & protons to form lactate and NADH
Term
when does lactic fermentation happen?
Definition
which happens in muscle cells when oxygen can’t be transferred readily enough
Term
when does lactic fermentation happen?
Definition
which happens in muscle cells when oxygen can’t be transferred readily enough
Term
three stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Definition
1)glycolysis
2)Kreb’s Cycle
3)oxidative phosphorylation
Term
what does glycolysis give us
Definition
ATP, NADH & pyruvate
Term
what does citric acid cycle give us
Definition
ATP & NADH/FADH2
Term
what does oxidative phosphorylation give us
Definition
a lot of ATP
Term
GLYCOLYSIS
Definition
“sugar splitting” into two three carbon molecules of pyruvate
Term
hexokinase
Definition
adds a phosphate ion to glucose
Term
phosphoglucoisomerase
Definition
converts the modified glucose into its isomer
Term
phosphofructokinas
Definition
adds a second phosphate group to make the molecule symmetrical and ready to split
Term
aldoase
Definition
splits the sugar
Term
isomerase
Definition
reversible conversion between the two three carbon sugars
Term
triose phosphate dehydrogenase
Definition
transfers electrons and H+ to NAD+ and adds a phosphate ion to the molecule
Term
phosphoglycerokinase
Definition
phosphate ion is transferred to ADP (ADP was produced in the energy investment phase)
Term
phosphoglyceromutase
Definition
moves the phosphate ion
Term
enolase
Definition
removes water to create a double bond
Term
pyruvate kinase
Definition
takes the last phosphate ion and adds it to ADP forming ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) creating another carbonyl group (double bond)
Term
steps to glycolysis
Definition
1)remember that phosphate ions are always present in the cell for use in these processes
2)ADP is created to be used to make ATP
3)glucose is split into two which means that in the energy payoff phase you’re making two ATPs for every half giving you a net ATP of 2.
4)NAD+ is another ion that is just suspended in cytosol as a byproduct of other reactions and is used to make the NADH molecule
5)the NADH and ATP created in this entire process are then transferred to the Kreb’s cycle along with the pyruvate to use to make more ATP.
Term
ACETYL COA
Definition
an intermediate step to make this molecule which is the starting material for the Kreb’s cycle
Term
what does the KREB’S CYCLE produce
Definition
2 CO2 produced
Term
step 1 of krebs cycle
Definition
acetyl CoA adds it’s two carbon group to oxaloacetate forming citrate and releasing coenzyme A
Term
step 2 of krebs cycle
Definition
removal and subsequent addition of a water molecule changes the shape of the citrate into its isomer: isocitrate; to be used in the next step
Term
step 3 of krebs cycle
Definition
electrons are removed from isocitrate and added to NAD+ to form NADH and when it loses the electrons, it becomes more unstable and releases a CO2 molecule
Term
step 4 of krebs cycle
Definition
there were two –COO- groups so another CO2 is released and then electrons are removed again to form more NADH (which will be used in the ETC) the remainder of the compound is then attached to CoA with, again, another unstable bond to form Succinal CoA
Term
step 5 of krebs cycle
Definition
a phosphate ion is fed into the cycle to replace the CoA group; this phosphate is taken away by GDP to form GTP; that same phosphate group can be ripped off by ADP to form ATP forming more GDP and the cycle continues
Term
step 6 of krebs cycle
Definition
two protons are removed leaving a double bond in succinate (remainder of the carbon molecule we’ve been using) to form FADH2 from FAD
Term
step 7 of krebs cycle
Definition
the fumerate from the step above is then isomerized by the addition of water into malate
Term
step 8 of krebs cycle
Definition
this compound is then oxidized when NAD+ takes away electrons and a proton to form NADH and leave the carbon compound as oxaloacetate which restarts the cycle
Term
for each acetyl group we feed into the cycle we get?
Definition
1)3 NADH
2)FADH2
3)one ATP from substrate level phosphorylation
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
protons enter the stator and move down a channel and bind to the rotor changing the shape of the protein and causing it to spin and therefore causing another rod to spin with it which turns the knob catalyzing the production of ATP from ADP
Term
Where does the energy for the gradient formation come from?
Definition
the exergonic redox reactions of NADH to NAD+ or FADH2 to FAD
Term
How many molecules of ATP do you get from this OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION chain?
Definition
about 32 or 34 molecules of ATP
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
the product of an anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes an earlier step in the process
Term
what hapens when a cell is working too hard
Definition
ATP concentration drops, respiration speeds up
Term
what happens when there is too much ATP?
Definition
phosphofructokinase slows down in glycolysis
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