Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Meterotic bombardment and heavy volcanic activity |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of protobionts |
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Definition
| coacervates and liposomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the first cells appeared. |
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Definition
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Term
| When did stromatolites appear? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| From single to nulticullular eukaryote |
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Term
| When did the cambrian explosion occur? |
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Definition
| the beginning of the paleozoic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many mass extinctions were there |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did the last major extinction occur? |
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Definition
| Between mesozoic and cenozoic |
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Term
| what is the flow of the Earth geographic flow |
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Definition
| Pangae --> Gondwana --> Laurasia --> how we know it |
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Term
| What time period is pangae |
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Definition
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Term
| what time period is Gondwana |
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Definition
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Term
| What time period is Laurasia |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What evolutionary mechanism can give you an adaptations? |
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Definition
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Term
| what must exist for selection to uccur? |
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Definition
| Heritable variation in survival and reproductive success |
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Term
| Modes of selection: stabilizing |
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Definition
| Favors intermediate variants, the two ends are decreased |
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Term
| Modes of selection: Disruptive |
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Definition
| Favors individuals at both extremes instead of the people in the middle |
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Term
| Modes of selection: directional |
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Definition
| conditions favor one extreme of a phenotypic range, which will shift a population's frequency curve in one direction or another |
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Term
| What is the most important form of genetic variation |
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Definition
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Term
| What five things does genetic variation come from? |
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Definition
| mutation, substitution, insertion/deletion, meiosis, random fertilization |
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Term
| To achieve an increase in biodiversity you need three things: |
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Definition
| a new breeding population, reduced gene flow between new and original population and time |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid species diversification from single common ancestor |
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Term
| What are the prezygotic barriers? |
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Definition
| They impede fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| Two species just dont come in contact with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| They mate during different seasons |
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Term
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Definition
| specific mating patterns (bird calls, etc) are different so they dont get attracted to the other one |
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Term
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Definition
| post mating pre-zygotic: their parts dont fit |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating happens but fertilization fails |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring makes it but they dont make it to reproductive age |
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Term
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Definition
| can make it to reproductive age but they have reduced hybrid fertility |
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Term
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Definition
| two species offspring makes it but the next generation the alleles start to shift and break down |
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Term
| Patterns of speciation: allopatric |
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Definition
| geographic separation restricts gene flow |
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Term
| Patterns of speciation: sympatric |
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Definition
| biological factors reduce gene flow |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual transition from one species to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Branching of one or more new species from a parent species |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of evolution withing a population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of biological diversity and its origins |
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Term
| what are phylogenetic trees? |
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Definition
| a pattern of lineage branching that represents the evolutionary history of different organisms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
provides absolute age
only one that can be determined using radiometric analysis |
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Term
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Definition
provides relative age
sediments deposited in aged layers [most fossils] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fossils that had a brief existence in geologic time and a wide geographic distribution: used for correlational analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| iron in lava aligns with along magnetic force as lava cools - Earth flips its magnetic poles |
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Term
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Definition
| can use morphology of exant organisms to figure out evolutionary history |
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Term
| What is the best way to determine the evolutionary patterns? |
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Definition
| molecular/genetic data-you can look at the genetic code for matching codes |
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Term
| Synapomorphies can be obtained from the following data: |
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Definition
| fossil record, morphology, molecular/genetic data/behavior/ecological |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| similar looking traits that evolved independently and were NOT derived from a common ancestor (AKA homoplasy i.e. homoplasious traits) |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that appear similar but do not share a common evolutionary origin [aka analogous traits] |
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Term
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Definition
| structures that have shared evolutionary origin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| two or more distinct species independently evolve similar traits. results from similar enviro challenges |
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Term
| orger of the classification system |
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Definition
| species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
| official species name comprised of the genus (less inclusive) and species (more inclusive) |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a reference to help determine the evolutionary relationships |
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Term
| What do plesiomorphoic traits help us to identify? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shared ancestral traits: in other words: every organism in the group has this trait EVERYONE--even if not related |
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Term
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Definition
| a monophyletic--a group consisting of an ancestor and ALL its descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| group consisting of an ancestor and MOST descendents |
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Term
| the rule of parsimony--based on what philosophy? |
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Definition
a phylogenetic tree building guideline that the tree with the least brances is the most accurate
Occam's razor |
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Term
| homoplasious traits create misleading phylogenies |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of phylogenetic trees: cladograms |
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Definition
| branch length is arbitrary |
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Term
| Types of phylogenetic trees: phylogram |
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Definition
| branch length indicates number of differences -- the branch lengths mean mutations |
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Term
| Types of phylogenetic trees: ultrametric |
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Definition
| branch length indicates time since divergence |
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Term
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Definition
| the technique used to relate the mutational differences between lineages to their absolute time since divergence |
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Term
| Modern uses of phylogenies |
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Definition
| Reveal changes not captured by fossil record, resolve evolutionary hypothesis, identify illegal activity, and track the origins and spread of infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| among the simplest of biological systems |
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Term
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Definition
| noncellular, simply genes in a protein coat, lack metabolic machinery and replication machinery |
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Term
| Think about the discovery of viruses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed or RNA or DNA, capsids and capsomers and virally encoded glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer shell of a virus--the protein coat |
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Term
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Definition
functional unit of a capsid
more intricate virus - more capsomers |
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Term
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Definition
| helical, icosahedral, envelope, complex |
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Term
| types of viruses: helical |
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Definition
| single type of capsomer stacked helically around genetic material creating a rod shape |
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Term
| types of viruses: icosahedral |
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Definition
comprised of numerous equilateral triangular faced capsomers
glycoproteins are present |
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Term
| types of viruses: envelope |
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Definition
Either a helical or icosahedral virus enclosed in a host-derived membrane
they can invade because host doesnt realize they're bad |
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Term
| types of viruses: complex |
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Definition
| possess aspects of both helical and icosahedral morphologies |
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Term
| what does viral classification depend on? |
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Definition
| genetic material and presence of an envelope |
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Term
| viral classification includes: DNA |
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Definition
| DNA has no single stranded envelope viruses |
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Term
| VIral Classification: RNA |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| virus enters cell, host replicates viral genome, viral genes transcribed, they assemble, and the completed virus departs the cell |
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Term
| Enveloped virus life cycle |
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Definition
| It is the same; but upon departure the virus takes the host membrane upon departure |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as the envelope except the retrovirus integrates its RNA into DNA and inserts it into the host's genome |
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Term
| what enzymes does retrovirus utilize? |
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Definition
transcriptase - enzyme that reverse transcribes viral RNA to DNA
integrase - enzyme that randomly inserts new DNA into cell genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the viral body sits outside the cell. It does one of two things: lytic or lysogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| In bacteriophage: causes imminent cell death |
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Term
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Definition
in bacteriophage: temperate: causes cell death eventually
can lie dormant until triggered |
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Term
| Infections smaller than viruses: viroids |
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Definition
| Viroids: lack protein coat but have genetic material. They are small single-stranded RNA, no protein coat, make no proteins, |
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Term
| how do viroids cause plant diseases? |
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Definition
| interfering with gene transcription? |
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Term
| what can be infected by viroids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infections smaller than viruses: prions |
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Definition
| they have proteins but no genetic data - they cause degenerative neural diseases, resistant to hear and other sterlilization methods. Misfolded proteins, replicate by bumping into other proteins |
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Term
| what is the difference between analogous and homologous? |
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Definition
| Analogous features share similar function but not common ancestry, while homologous features share common ancestry but not necessarily similar function |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosome contains DNA from two different cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the virus that infects bacteria |
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