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| the study of heredity at the molecular level |
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| viruses that exclusively infect bacteria |
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| long chains of chemical units |
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| a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phospate |
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| thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) |
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| what base is different with RNA |
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| Thymine is not in RNA instead it has Uracil |
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| an infectious particle consisting of a bit of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat (capsid) and in some cases a membrane envelope |
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| a protein coat that a virus is wrapped in |
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| the replication cycle of a phage |
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| viral DNA occurs without destroying the host |
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| describe two kinds of cycles for a phage |
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| the phage DNA once inserted in the bacterial chromosome |
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| describe the replication cycle of an enveloped RNA virus |
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
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| human immunodeficiency virus |
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| an enzym carried by HIV which catalyzes revrse transcription so an RNA template can create DNA |
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| viruses that create DNA from RNA |
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| small circular RNA molcules that infect plants |
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| (misfolded protein) infectious proteins which cause a number of degenerative brain diseases in various animal species (mad cow, wasting disease and scrapie or a few) (Creutzfeld-Jako disease in humans) |
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| the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
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| the transfer of bacterial genes by a phage |
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| the DNA transfer between the physical union of two bacteria |
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| a specific piece of DNA that controls the ability of a donor cell to carry out conjugation. (F for fertility) |
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| a small circular DNA molecule that is separate from the bacteria chromosome. they replicate (duplicate) separately from the much larger bacteria chromosome |
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| a class of plasmids that pose serious problems for human medicine. They carry genes for enzymes that destroy antibiotics such as penicillin and tetracycline. Bacteria with R plasmids are resistant to antibiotics that would otherwise kill them |
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| the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products |
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| modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material |
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| formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences from two different sources |
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| the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
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| the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of dna |
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| describe lab manufactor of a protein |
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| enzyme that joins dna molecules by covalent bonds |
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| a group of identical cells descended from a single ancestral cell. |
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| bacterial enzymes that are 'cutting tools' for DNA |
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| the dna sequence recognized by a restriction (cutting) enzyme. Once recognized the site will be 'unzipped' by the enzyme |
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| the pieces of DNA created when restriction enzymes cut DNA |
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| signle-stranded regios whose unpaired bases can hydrogen-bond to the complementary sticky ends of other fragments created by the same restriction enzyme. Note that the dna fragments are double-stranded, but that both ends are each called a sticky end |
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Definition
| a complementary sequence of dna tagged with a radioactive isotope or flouresecent tag that is used to find the desired gene sequence on a DNA strand. (it is the bonding sequence for the desired sequence) |
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| a harmless variant (mutant) or derivative of a pathogen that is used to stimulate the immune system to mount a lasting defense against that pathogen |
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| genetically modified organisms: organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artifical means |
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| the recombinant organism is GMO with genes acquired from another organism (typicall another species) |
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| treating diseases by tampering with the human geonome |
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| the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigations and other legal proceedings |
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| polymerase chain reaction: a technique by which a specific segment of DNA can be targeted and quickly amplified (copied) in the laboratory |
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| short chemically synthesized single-stranded dna molecules with sequences that are complementary to sequences at each end of the target sequence |
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| the scientific tudy of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome |
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