Term
| . A couple are heterozygous for Rb gene mutation (Rb+/Rb-). They are expecting a child. What is the chance that the expected child will develop retinoblastoma in both eyes? |
|
Definition
A. no chance
B.3/4
C.1/4
D.100 percent
E.2/4 |
|
|
Term
| 2. The cancer that kills the most men each year is |
|
Definition
A. prostate D. liver B. testicular E. lung C. colon |
|
|
Term
| The region of the antibody (Immunoglobulin) that is responsible for antibodies crossing the placenta is called: |
|
Definition
A. IgM heavy chain
D. Fc
B. Fig
E. IgD heavy and light chains
C. Fab |
|
|
Term
| 4. Which of the following will reduce the chance that a person will develop cancer? |
|
Definition
A. If obese, develop a program to lose weight and to keep the weight off
B. develop a healthy lifestyle (diet/exercise)
C. do not use tobacco in any form and avoid second-hand smoke
D. healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains E. all of the above |
|
|
Term
| 5. Metastasis refers to the process in which: |
|
Definition
A. tumor cells die
B. tumor cells detach and move to secondary sites
C. cancer does not spread to other tissues
D. tumors become benign
E. cancer can be cured |
|
|
Term
| Mutation in the gene coding for beta-hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia removes an enzyme cut site that is present in the non-mutated beta-hemoglobin gene. One could screen for sickle cell anemia using: |
|
Definition
A. western botting
B. northern blotting
C. far-western blotting
D. restriction fragment length polymorphism
E. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| 7. Which of the following is/are example(s) of immune destruction of self? |
|
Definition
A. multiple sclerosis
B. testicular feminization
C. skin cancer
D. cystic fibrosis
E. sickle cell anemia |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is/are example(s) of tumor suppressor gene(s)? |
|
Definition
A. her-2/neu
B. p53
C. p16
D. A and B are correct
E. B and C are correct |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following mutations would enhance changes for cancer development? |
|
Definition
A. homozygous recessive mutation in tumor suppressor gene producing non-functional protein
B. homozygoous dominant mutation in tumor suppresor gene producing over-expressed protein
C. homozygous recessive mutation in proto-oncogene producing non-functional protein
D. dominant mutation in proto-oncogene producing over- expressed functional protein
E. A and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| The immune response system that protects us from infections is composed of two branches called: |
|
Definition
A. cellular and humoral
B. cellular and immunoglobulin
C. tissue and humoral
D. tissue and immunoglobulin
E. soluble and insoluble |
|
|
Term
| . A person of blood type A can give whole blood (RBC + plasma) to individuals of blood type _________ without causing problems |
|
Definition
A. blood type A
B. blood type B
C. blood type AB
D. blood type O
E. B and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| 12. Immune destruction of self is called |
|
Definition
A. alloimmunity
B. synimmunity
C. defimmunity
D. autoimmunity
E. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| Cancer development has been shown to involve the following sequence of events |
|
Definition
A. progression, promotion, initiation
B. initiation, progression, promotion
C. promotion, initiation, progression
D. initiation, promotion, progression
E. promotion, progression, initiation |
|
|
Term
Antibodies are unique in that they possess___ to the immunizing foreign substance. |
|
Definition
A. unique amino acids not found in other proteins
B. unique carbohydrates (sugars) attached to the antibodies
C. specificity to the immunizing foreign substance
D. inflammatory potential
E. A and B are correct |
|
|
Term
| A person of blood type O can give plasma to individuals of blood type |
|
Definition
A. blood type A
B. blood type B
C. blood type AB
D. blood type O
E. C and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| . Which Rh antibody class from Rh incompatible Mother crosses the placenta and enters the blood stream of the developing fetus? |
|
Definition
A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgE |
|
|
Term
| Which family has the potential for Rh incompatibility to occur? |
|
Definition
Mother Father
A. Rh+/Rh+ Rh+/Rh+
B. Rh+/Rh- Rh+/Rh-
C. Rh-/Rh- Rh-/Rh-
D. Rh-/Rh- Rh+/Rh+
E. Rh+/Rh+ Rh-/Rh- |
|
|
Term
| Immortality in cancer cells is due to: |
|
Definition
A. cancer cells bypass cell cycle G1/S checkpoint
B. cancer cells bypass cell cycle GO/G1 checkpoint
C. cancer cells bypass cell cycle M/G1 checkpoint
D. cancer cells bypass G2/M checkpoint
E. A and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| For DNA fingerprinting, the technique used to separate DNA fragments on a gel matrix is called |
|
Definition
A. polymerase chain reaction
B. western blotting
C. northern blotting
D. southern blotting
E. far-western blotting |
|
|
Term
| The cancer that kills the most women each year is |
|
Definition
A. breast
B. ovarian
C. cervical
D. colorectal
E. lung |
|
|
Term
| Once RNA is converted in to c-DNA, the resulting c-DNA can be amplified using a technique called |
|
Definition
A. transcription
B. polymerase chain reaction
C. translation
D. peptide bond reaction
E. nucleotide building reaction |
|
|
Term
| 22. Which statement is false? |
|
Definition
A. cancer begins in a single cell
B. most cancers develop after accumulating somatic mutations over time
C. once formed, cancer cells have potential to divide continuously
D. once formed cancers grow more aggressively with accumulation of additional mutations
E. cancer cells are non-invasive |
|
|
Term
| The immunoglobulin that is involved in immune responses to cedar pollen is |
|
Definition
A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgE |
|
|
Term
| The Ames test is used to detect |
|
Definition
A. teratogens
B. carcinogens
C. mutagens
D. amino acid metabolic products
E. bacteria growth |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following gene(s) involved in cancer development could be called gatekeeper(s)? |
|
Definition
A. Rb in retinoblastoma
B. Her-2/neu in breast cancer
C. p53 in colon cancer
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B, and C are correct |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is/are example(s) of ONC gene(s)? |
|
Definition
A. her-2/neu
B. p53
C. Rb
D. A and B are correct
E. B and C are correct |
|
|
Term
| Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are inherited. Which gene(s) is/are inherited and contribute to breast cancer development? |
|
Definition
A. Her-2/neu
B. p53
C. BRCA1/BRCA2
D. Rb
E. p16 |
|
|
Term
| The technique used for determining genetic polymorphisms (method of displaying fragmented DNA) in fingerprint profiles among individuals is called: |
|
Definition
A. GFLP--gene fragment length polymorphism
B. HFLP--hereditary fragment length polymorphism
C. RFLP--restriction fragment length polymorphism
D. UFLP--unique fragment length polymorphism
E. CFLP--common fragment length polymorphism |
|
|
Term
| An autosomal recessive defect in DNA repair mechanisms that can result in skin cancer when individuals who are homozygous recessive are exposed to sunlight is referred to as |
|
Definition
A. Xeroderma pigmentosum
B. Ataxia telangiectasia
C. Fanconi anemia
D. Bloom syndrome
E. C and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| For DNA fingerprinting, a _________ is used to identify specific DNA fragments. |
|
Definition
A. fluorescent-labeled protein probe
B. fluorescent-labeled peptide probe
C. fluorescent-labeled amino acid probe
D. fluorescent-labeled DNA probe
E. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| The Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Lab program for fingerprinting criminal suspects and establishing a DNA fingerprint data base is called CODIS. CODIS stands for: |
|
Definition
A. combined DNA index system
B. compared DNA index system
C. criminal DNA index system
D. common DNA index system
E. cross DNA index system |
|
|
Term
| The functions of p53 in the G1-S cell cycle phase are to: |
|
Definition
A. determine the integrity of DNA prior to proceeding to S B. bind to and inhibit E2F
C. cause cells to undergo cell death by apoptosis if DNA can not be repaired
D. A and C are correct
E. A, B, and C are correct |
|
|
Term
| The region of antibodies that reacts with foreign substances (for example, antibody reacting with the immunizing agent) is called |
|
Definition
A. complement
B. Fig
C. Fc
D. Fab
E. none of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. recognize specific nucleotide sequences in DNA
B. cut both strands of DNA
C. often produce single-stranded tails
D. do all of the above
E. do none of the above |
|
|
Term
| Cancer causing genes called onc genes originate from |
|
Definition
A. viruses
B. X-linked genes
C. structural genes
D. protooncogenes
E. maternal genes |
|
|
Term
| A foreign substance (non-self) that is used for immunization purposes is called |
|
Definition
A. antigen or immunogen
D. immunoglobulin
B. antibody
E. none of the above
C. complement |
|
|
Term
| The Ames bacterial test involves growing defective bacteria on incomplete media. The defective bacteria |
|
Definition
A. can make the amino acid histidine from other amino acids
B. can not make the amino acid histidine from other amino acids
C. can undergo a mutational event and make histidine from other amino acids
D. B & C are correct
E. A, B, & C are correct |
|
|
Term
| Rejection of kidney grafts is mediated primarily by |
|
Definition
A. macrophages
B. neutrophils
C. T helper cells
D. cytotoxic T cells
E. basophils |
|
|
Term
| A gene that has a single nucleotide insertion into the DNA would code for: |
|
Definition
A. a protein that is reduced in size (shorter protein)
B. a protein that is increased in size (longer protein)
C. have no effect on the protein
D. a protein that has different amino acids in comparison to non-mutated gene
E. none of the above |
|
|
Term
| A person of blood type AB can give red blood cells only to individuals of blood type |
|
Definition
A. blood type A
B. blood type B
C. blood type AB
D. blood type O
E. C and D are correct |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells are destroyed by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? . Which immune cells are destroyed by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? |
|
Definition
A. cytoxic T cells
B. T helper cells
C. B cells
D. neutrophils
E. red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Ultraviolet light causes damage to DNA by: |
|
Definition
A. causing reactive ions to form, resulting in single and double strand DNA breaks
B. preventing DNA replication
C. absorption of ultraviolet light by bases in DNA, resulting in thymine dimers
D. halting all DNA repair mechanisms
E. by conversion of one or more base nucleotide into different base nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| The immunoglobulin found in body secretions (i.e. saliva) is |
|
Definition
A. IgM
B. IgG
C. IgA
D. IgD
E. IgE |
|
|
Term
| RNA can be converted into DNA, amplified, and used as a source of DNA for fingerprinting. The enzyme that converts RNA into DNA is called. |
|
Definition
A. reverse transcriptase
B. RNAse
C. RNA ligase
D. peptide bond reaction
E. RNA phoshpatase |
|
|
Term
| For DNA fingerprinting, DNA is cut into small fragments by using |
|
Definition
A. proteases
B. ligases
C. restriction enzymes
D. phosphatases
E. reverse transcriptase |
|
|
Term
| An antibody, such as IgG, is composed of: |
|
Definition
A. one heavy and one light polypeptide chains
B. two heavy and two light polypeptide chains
C. two heavy and one light polypeptide chains
D. one heavy and two light polypeptide chains
E. three heavy and three light polypeptide chains |
|
|
Term
| Chemicals such as benzo[A] pyrene cause damage to DNA by |
|
Definition
A. causing reactive ions to form, resulting in single and double strand DNA breaks
B. preventing DNA replication
C. absorption of ultraviolet light by bases in DNA, resulting in thymine dimers
D. halting all DNA repair mechanisms
E. . by conversion of one or more base nucleotides into different base nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. pluripotent
B. self-renewing
C. differentiated
D. short lived
E. A and B are correct |
|
|
Term
| What type mutation causes a mutant phenotype that becomes worse from generation to generation (example is Fragile- X syndrome)? |
|
Definition
A. missense mutation
B. nonsense mutation
C. triplet repeats
D. frameshift mutation
E. point mutation |
|
|
Term
| Ionizing radiation causes DNA damage by |
|
Definition
A. causing reactive ions to form, resulting in single and double strand DNA breaks
B. preventing DNA replication
C. absorption of ultraviolet light by bases in DNA, resulting in thymine dimers
D. halting all DNA repair mechanisms
E. by conversion of one or more base nucleotides into different base nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
Regignizes itself and does not destroy it self. regignizes its "altered self" and kills it protects against pathogens exhibits specificity to forign substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens that provoke an inappropriate immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
Humoral-Bcells/plasmacells that make and secrete antibody/immunoglobins Cellular-Thelpers that enhance immune response;cytotoxic Tcells destroy altered self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules usually carried or produced by viruses, microorganisms, or cells that initiate antibody production. they are forigen and brings out a cellular and humoral response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and mediates antibody–directed immunity.B-cell caption summary: When a virus invades the body it is engulfed by a macrophage cell. Markers on the surface of the macrophage signal the B-cell to produce antibodies which disable the invading bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]T-cell Response - Invading bacteria are phagocytosed (taken into the body of the macrophage). The macrophage then removes the specifics identifying markers, or antigens, of the invading bacteria. It places these antigens on its own surface. Helper T-call lymphocytes which are specially designed to fight this invading bacteria have on their own surface a complementary antigen marker, much like a puzzle piece. When these specialty T-cell lymphocytes notice a macrophage presenting the complement antigen they initiate a response which results in B-cell proliferation. T-cell Caption summary: When a virus invades the body it is engulfed by a macrophage cell. The macrophage then signals T-cells to cause B-cells to multiply. |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) |
|
Definition
| [image]A condition of immunological incompatibility between mother and fetus that occurs when the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical signal produced by mast cells that triggers dilation of blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| antibody/Immunoglobulins (Ig) |
|
Definition
[image]
-A class of proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign molecules (antigens) and inactivate them. -The five classes of proteins to which antibodies belong. IgM-early response, effective in defense against bacterial infections IgG-Major immunogloublin, last for years; cross placenta IgA-found in body secretions IgE- involved in allergic responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]The body’s reaction to invading microorganisms, a nonspecific active defense mechanism that the body employs to resist infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]White blood cells that originate in bone marrow and mediate the immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]A long–lived B cell produced after exposure to an antigen that plays an important role in secondary immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) |
|
Definition
| A collection of genetic disorders in which affected individuals have no immune response; both the cell–mediated and antibody–mediated responses are missing.BUBBLE BOY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells with two properties: the ability to replicate them-selves, and the ability to form a variety of cell types in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]T cells that slow or stop the immune response of B cells and other T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]A type of lymphocyte that undergoes maturation in the thymus and mediates cellular immunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]Unique proteins on the surface of T cells that bind to specific proteins on the surface of cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites.COMPOSED OF ALPHA AND BETA CHAINS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preparation containing dead or weakened pathogens that elicits an immune response when injected into the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Memory-once primed by immunogen, it promotes a rapid response to it
-specificity- reacts specificallly with challenging immunogen |
|
|
Term
| Structure of immunoglobulins, genetic involvement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agammaglobulinemia is a group of inherited immune deficiencies characterized by a low concentration of antibodies in the blood due to the lack of particular lymphocytes in the blood and lymph. Antibodies are proteins (immunoglobulins, (IgM), (IgG) etc) that are critical and key components of the immune system. They are essential if the immune system is to do its job of fighting off bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances that threaten the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The animal lacks a thymus, is unable to produce T cells, and is therefore immunodeficient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired immunodefiency syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]Type rbc/antigens antibodys/plasma a a anti-B b b anti-A ab a&b none o none anti a&anti b |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgE antibody attaches to blast cells in tissues, binds to the allergen, and causes blast cells to release pharmacological chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Organ transplants and the HLA complex |
|
Definition
| Immune system recognizes incompatible transplants as non-self and destroys it. a patient must use immunosuppressive drugs to permit transplants to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]a defect in the immune response system -immune system attacks and destroys self for example- lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid artheritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms, all derived from a single ancestor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In recombinant DNA terminology, a collection of clones that contains all the genetic information in an individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in animals not in humans.... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]he polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence....copys dna w/o cloning. heat to unwind..which produces primers....when cooled polymerase regognizes primers and makes 2 identical strands...when heated again the fragments will unwind and make more replicas etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]gives the ability to veiw fragments of dna and lines up due to sequence and size. ...dna is put into a gel and then uses an (-)electric charge to pull the larger sequences closer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [image]1. G0 arrested donor cell, 2. remove nucleus from donor cell, 3. remove nucleus from recipient egg , 4. fuse egg with donor G0-arrested nucleus, and 5. transfer to surrogate |
|
|
Term
| types of stem cell cloning: |
|
Definition
1. reproductive cloning 2. therapeutic cloning
[image] |
|
|
Term
| stem cell clones are not exact replicas |
|
Definition
| 1. telomeres of chromosomes of donor nuclei are shorter 2. genomic imprinting when chromosomes are passed via germ line 3. somatic cells accumulate mutations 4. X-inactivation pattern 5. mitochondria is from recipient cell not donor cell 6. coat color differences-pigmented cells move about differently 7. environmental factors during embryonic/fetal development: nutrition (methylation) stress, exposure to environmental diseases |
|
|
Term
| D. Why does stem cell cloning fail? |
|
Definition
| 1. Meiosis not involved (meiosis in the female completes at fertilization) 2. diploid nucleus is plunked into oocyte cytoplasm where signals direct it do what a female secondary oocyte tends to do (a.) shed half of chromosomes as polar body--haploid-lethal (b). replicates DNA--tetraploid--lethal |
|
|
Term
| THERAPUDIC process of cloning genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. A collection of clones that contain all of the genetic information in an individual--cut all DNA of donor cell--put in cloning vector (bacteriophage as an example) 2. Retrieve gene of interest ("needle in hay stack") by using DNA probe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| --a synthetic piece of labeled DNA that is complementary to part of gene of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extract mRNA from cells, reverse transcribe to single stranded cDNA DNA polymerase to give double -stranded cDNA, cut put in cloning vector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)--1986 a. Reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA---DNA b. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (PCR cycle). 1. DNA amplified by heating to break hydrogen bonds, yielding single stranded DNA 2. Short nucleotide sequences act as primers for DNA replication added 3. Enzyme, DNA polymerase, begins at primers and synthesizes a DNA strand complementary to the region between the primers, a process called "primer extension" 4. Example: 10 cycles = 1,024 copies, 30 cycles = 1,073,741,820 copies |
|
|
Term
| Tools or procedures used in molecular genetics |
|
Definition
| A. Southern blotting, B. Northern blotting, C. Western blotting |
|
|
