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bio test 2
chapter 8
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/23/2012

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Term
What is cellular respiration?
Definition
Collection of metabolic reactions that breaks down food molecules to produce energy as ATP
Term
Aerobic
Definition
must have oxygen present to occur
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
occurs when there are no oxygen available
Term
Why is getting energy from the electrons important?
Definition
Used to drive ATP synthesis
Term
The substance from which the electrons were removed is
Definition
oxidized
Term
The substance that gained electrons is
Definition
reduced
Term
Any time electrons are transferred from one molecule to another, ? is released. This energy will be used for ?
Definition
energy, ATP synthesis
Term
Be able to determine which molecule is being oxidized and reduced.
Definition
The one that has the Hydrogen (left side) *on test
Term
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Definition
C_6H_12O_6 + 6 O_2 → 6 H_2 + 6 CO_2
Term
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
in the cytosol ( outside the mitochondria)
Term
Pyruvate oxidation
Definition
matrix (inside mitochondria)
Term
Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
Definition
matrix
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
cristae (in membrane of mitochondria)
Term
Stage 4 is broken down into two parts
Definition
electron transfer system
chemiosmosis
Term
*for each glucose there are
Definition
two pyruvate
Term
Basically, what is happening during glycolysis?
Definition
Sugar is being split in half
Term
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Definition
SLP – enbyme – catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
Term
If there are excess ATPs, how is cellular respiration stopped?
Definition
ATP binds to phosphofructokinase
Term
Basically, what is happening during pyruvate oxidation?
Definition
Removes CO_2 from pyruvate and oxidizes the remaining 2-carbon fragment to an acetyl group
Term
Basically, what is happening during the Krebs cycle?
Definition
Oxidize acetyl group completely to CO_2
Term
What happens to the electrons picked up by NAD+ and FAD+?
Definition
Released into the electron transfer system of mitochondria
Term
Basically, what is happening during ETS?
Definition
Electrons release free energy used to build the H^+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
Why is it important to have a hydrogen gradient?
Definition
Without the hydrogen gradient, we’re not going to have ATP
Term
ETS has four protein complexes numbered I through IV. Within the protein complexes are individual electron carriers of ETS called
Definition
cytochromes
Term
cytochromes carriers contain ?, which can ?
Definition
iron, easily accepts and donates electrons
Term
The final electron acceptor is
Definition
oxygen
Term
Why is it important that this is found at the end of the ETS?
Definition
Able to pull electrons down through the ETS
Term
Complexes I, III, and IV will do what during ETS?
Definition
Transport protons (H+) from matrix to intermembrane space using the energy released by the electrons being shuttled through ETS
Term
This will create a proton motive force, which will provide energy for
Definition
ATP synthesis
Term
The proton motive force will power ATP synthesis by ATP synthase by
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
How many ATP total are produced during cellular respiration?
Definition
32 for each glucose
Term
How many of those were produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?
Definition
4
Term
How many of those were produced by oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
28
Term
Fermentation happens when
Definition
oxygen is absent or limited
Term
What are the two types of fermentation?
Definition
Lactate Fermemtaion
alcoholic fermentation
Term
Fermentation is the only source of ATP for
Definition
bacteria and fungi
Term
Either fermentation or cellular respiration can be used by
Definition
facultative anaerobes
Term
what must have oxygen because cellular respiration is their only source for ATP.
Definition
Strict anaerobes
Term
cellular respiration and fermentation use?
Definition
glycolysis
Term
Fermentation produces ? ATP while CR produces up to ? ATP.
Definition
2, 32
Term
Fermentation uses an ? as a final electron acceptor while CR uses ?
Definition
organic molecule, oxygen
Term
Fermentation occurs when there is ? and CR must have ?
Definition
no oxygen, oxygen
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