Term
| What effect does cholesterol have on membrane fluidity? |
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Definition
| At warm temperatures it restrains the movement of phospholipids. At cold temperatures, it maintains the fluidity by preventing packing. |
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Term
| What helps determine the membrane's specific functions? Describe four of the types. |
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Definition
| The proteins embedded determine the function (can be integral or peripheral). The different kinds are transport, enzymes, receptors, cell-cell recognition, cell joining, and ECM attachment. |
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Term
| What type of fatty acid is more fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What influences membrane fluidity? |
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Definition
| Specialized motor proteins, temperature, and lipid composition. |
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Term
| What is embedded in the cellular membrane? |
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Definition
| Fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The boundary that separates the living cell from its non-living surroundings. It exhibits selective permeability. |
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Term
| What makes up the ECM? What are its funcitons? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and other macromolecules make up the ECM. Its functions are support, adhesion, and movement. |
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Term
| What are the three types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
Microtubules- shape the cell, help separate chromosome copies, and may grow out of a centrosome.
Microfilaments: built from actin, twisted chains of actin that provide support, found in microvilli
Intermediate |
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Term
| Give an example of cilia's funciton. |
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Definition
| The lining of the airways to move debris out of the lungs. |
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Term
| What causes cilia and flagella to move? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A microtubule-organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles that help pull cells apart. |
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Term
| Name a motor protein and its specific function. |
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Definition
| Myosin, muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell and extends throughout the cytoplasm. IT provides mechanical support to the cell and regulates cell motility/movement. |
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Term
| What are the two parts of chloroplast structure? |
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Definition
Thylakoids-Membranous sacs
Stroma- internal fluid containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorophyll containing sites of photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What occurs in mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration and the majority of ATP synthesis. |
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Term
What do contractile vacuoles do?
What do central vacuoles do? |
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Definition
Contractile: Pump excess water out of protist cells
Central: (found in plant cells) hold reserves of important organic compounds and water. |
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Term
| Define phagocytosis and autophagy. What carries out each of these? |
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Definition
Phagocytosis: "to eat", engulf or ingest with enzymes
Autophagy: Involves recycling of damaged organelles by the breakdown of material with enzymes
Lysosomes use these processes for intracellular digestion. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the golgi? |
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Definition
| Modification of products from the rough ER and manufacturing of certain macromolecules. |
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Term
What are cisternae?
Cis and trans face, which side is where? |
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Definition
Cisternae are the flattened membranous sac that make up the golgi.
The cis is the receiving side while the trans is closer to the outside of the cell. |
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Term
What are the functions of the smooth ER?
What are the functions of the rough ER? |
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Definition
Smooth:-synthesize lipids
-metabolize carbohydrates
-store calcium
Rough:
-bound to ribosomes and produces proteins and membranes |
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Term
What are the fucntions of the endomembrane system?
What composes the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
Regulate protein traffic and perform metabolic functions in the cell.
The components of the endomembrane system are the ER, golgi, lysosomes, and vacuoles. |
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Term
| What makes up ribosomes and where are they found? |
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Definition
rRNA and protein.
The cytosol and ER. |
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Term
| What is responsible for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the attributes of the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
-Dynamic
-Soft
-Outer leaflet (cytoplasmic side)
-Inner leaflet |
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Term
| What are the factors in permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a signal transduction pathway do? |
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Definition
| Converts signals on a cell's surface into cellular responses. |
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Term
| True or false, animal cells have cell junctions (gap junctions) that do not directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. |
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Definition
| False. They do directly connect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication between animal cells that involves direct contact of cell surface molecules or receptors. |
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Term
| What do growth factors do? What are they an example of? |
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Definition
| Growth factors are molecules that function as local regulators to stimulate or trigger nearby cells to grow and multiply. They are an example of a local factor. |
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Term
What do plants and animals use for long-distance signaling?
Are they specific?
Give an example. |
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Definition
| Hormones. They are highly specific for their cells and receptors. Estrogen is an example. |
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Term
| What three processes did Sutherland suggest that cells recieiving signals go through? |
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Definition
| Reception, transduction, and response. |
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Term
| Name a verse from the Bible dealing with this theme. |
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Definition
| Psalm 16:11, Psalm 27:11, Psalm 119:35. |
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Term
| What is reception? Is it specific and what occurs after? |
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Definition
A signal molecule (ligand) binds to a cell surface receptor protein, causing it to change shape.
It is highly specific, and causes a conformational change in the receptor to initiate transduction of the signal. |
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Term
| What prevents cAMP from turning into AMP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do ion channel receptors do? |
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Definition
| Act as a gate to allow the flow of specific ions (such as Ca) through the channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that involves a series of protein kinases (enzymes) that add a phosphate to the next protein (substrate) in lin ethereby activating it. |
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Term
| What does phosphotase do? |
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Definition
| They can remove the phosphates from phosphorylated molecules in the cell. |
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Term
What is transduction?
What are the two purposes? |
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Definition
Cascades of molecular interactions relaying signals from receptors to target molecules through a multistep pathway to accomplish...
-Amplication of a signal
-Provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the signal output. |
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Term
| Give an example of a second messenger. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are second messengers? |
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Definition
| Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that rapidly diffuse throughout the cell and participate in signaling. |
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Term
| What is cyclic AMP made from? How does this occur? |
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Definition
| It is made from ATP by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase following activation of G-protien-linked receptors, such as the epinephrine receptor. |
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Term
| What triggers the formation of cAMP? What does camp activate? |
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Definition
| It is triggered by G-proteins. It activates protein kinase A. |
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Term
| What reduces cAMP concentration? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: epinephrine triggers glycogen breakdown in a ell for energy. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally produced molecule that functions as a chemical signaler. |
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Term
| How do signaling pathways regulate genes? |
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Definition
| By activating transcription factors that then turn genes on or off. |
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Term
| Define transcription factors. |
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Definition
| Nuclear proteins that bind DNA and turn genes on or off. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do signal pathways with multiple steps do? |
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Definition
| Amplify the signal and contribute to the specificity of the cellular response. |
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Term
| What do signal pathways with multiple steps do? |
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Definition
| Amplify the signal and contribute to the specificity of the cellular response. |
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Term
| How are signal responses terminated? |
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Definition
| The reversal of ligand binding to its receptor. |
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Term
| What is the effect of epinephrine on the liver? |
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Definition
| It leads to glycogen breakdown. |
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Term
| What is the effect of epinephrine on the liver? |
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Definition
| It leads to glycogen breakdown. |
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Term
| What do scaffolding proteins do? What is an example of one? |
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Definition
| They increase the signal transduction efficiency by physically linking together the signaling pathway molecules. This allows enhanced signaling speed accuracy and proximity of the signal transfer. An example is AKAP, which is the PKA scaffolding protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that phosphorylates things like transcription factor. |
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Term
| What is passive transport? What are some examples? |
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Definition
| Transport that doesn't require ATP and moves molecules from a high concentration to the low concentration. Some examples are diffusion (osmosis), facilitated diffusion (channel), and carrier-mediated (changes shape). |
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Term
| What is active transport? Describe the examples. |
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Definition
| Active transport uses ATP and moves things from low to high concentration. Examples are Na/K pump (moves in opposite directions), proton pump (creates a reservoir of protons), exocytosis (releases things), endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis). |
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Term
| What is phosphodiesterase? |
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts cAMP to AMP. |
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