Term
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Definition
Building blocks of a protein.
Amino acids consist of a central carbon with 4 functional groups: amino, variable, hydrogen, carboxylic acid |
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| helixes and pleated sheets |
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Definition
| major types of secondary structure |
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| regular repeating coiling and folding of a protein's polypeptide backbone. |
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| the irregular contortion of a protein backbone due to bonding or interactions between side chains |
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| structure that results from the interaction among several polypeptides (subunits) in a single protein |
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| long chains of subunits called nucleotides |
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Definition
| ribose and deoxyribose nucleotides |
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Definition
| assist enzymes in promoting and guiding chemical reactions |
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Definition
| outermost barrier of the shell |
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Definition
| mainly for structural support and protection |
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Definition
| contains the cell but still allows the cell to interact with the environment |
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| mosaic aspect of membranes |
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Definition
| there are proteins interspersed within the lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| proteins which have a carbohydrate attached to them |
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Definition
| movement down a concentration gradient |
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Definition
| concentration change over a distance in a particular direction |
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Definition
| the net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient |
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| property of biological membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others |
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Definition
| diffusion across a membrane with the help of a protein |
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Definition
| passive transport of water |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a differentially permeable membrane |
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Definition
| has an equal concentration of solute compared to the inside of a cell |
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Definition
| has greater concentration of solute than the inside of a cell |
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Definition
| has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of a cell |
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Definition
| an energy-requiring process during which a transport protein pumps a molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient |
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Definition
| the cellular uptake of large molecules (macromolecules) and particulate substances (food) by the localized pinching off of a region of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle |
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Definition
| (cell eating) the endocytosis of solid particles |
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Term
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Definition
| (cell drinking) is the endocytosis of fluid droplets |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| the process of importing specific macromolecules into the cell by the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits, occurs in response to the binding of specific nutrients to receptors on the cell's surface |
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Definition
| the cellular secretion of large molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| junctions which hold two cells together |
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| large non-protein channels through both the cell membranes and the cell wall of neighboring plant cells |
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Definition
| dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell |
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Definition
| the entire region inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus in cells that have a nucleus |
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Definition
| compartment that contains the cell's genetic library |
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Definition
| a double membrane which encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| spherical shaped region in the nucleus where eukaryotic ribosomes are assembled |
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Definition
| complex of DNA and histone proteins, which make up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| long, threadlike associations of genes, composed of chromatin and found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (46 for humans) |
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Definition
| build the cell's proteins; cytoplasmic complexes which are the sites of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| an organelle made of stacked, flattened membranous sacs, that modifies, stores, sorts, and routes products of the ER. |
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Definition
| membrane-bound organelles which are digestive compartments that digest all major classes of macromolecules |
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Definition
| chlorophyll containing organelles which are the sites of photosynthesis |
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Definition
| organelles which use energy extracted from organic macromolecules (food) to produce ATP |
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| stored energy in matter e.g. the energy in chemical bonds and electrical energy in a battery |
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| energy of motion or movement e.g. electricity |
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| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every energy transfer or transformation results in a decrease of useful energy |
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| the measure of disorder or randomness |
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| reactions that release energy |
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Definition
| energy-requiring reactions |
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Definition
| principal energy carrier in cells |
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Definition
| sum/totality of the organism's chemical processes |
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Definition
| metabolic pathways which release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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Definition
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Definition
| metabolic pathways which consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
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| biological catalysts which are usually proteins |
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Definition
| chemical agents that accelerate a reaction without being permanently changed in the process |
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Definition
| the substances which enzymes act on. in the presence of an appropriate enzyme, they become more reactive. |
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Definition
| the restricted region of an enzyme molecule where the substrate binds |
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Definition
| small nonprotein organic molecules that are required for proper enzyme function |
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Definition
| the activity of an enzyme is inhibited by its own product or a product along the metabolic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme action is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulators |
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Definition
| molecules that resemble the enzyme's normal substrate and so compete with it for the active site |
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Definition
| transforms light energy trapped by chloroplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules |
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Definition
| the green pigment that gives a leaf its color. responsible for the absorption of the light energy that drives photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| the reaction of photosynthesis that converts light energy to chemical bond energy in ATP and NADPH |
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Definition
| the fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids and inside the inner chloroplast membrane |
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Definition
| the assemblies which turn light energy into chemical energy in the thylakoid membranes. |
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