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Bio Test 1 Review
N/A
119
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/14/2010

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Cards

Term
Amino
Definition
NH2
Term
Carbonyl
Definition

C=O-H (Aldehyde)

 

C-O (Ketone)

Term
Carboxyl
Definition
C=O-OH
Term
Hydroxyl
Definition
O-H
Term
Phosphate
Definition
PO4
Term
Sulfhydryl
Definition
S-H
Term
Series of fusion elements in stars
Definition
H, He, C, Ne, O, Si, Fe
Term
Stars 10x bigger than sun create which elements?
Definition
carbon, neon, oxygen, silicon, iron
Term
silicon runs out in star
Definition
Super nova
Term
Stars 10x and 25x leave behind after super nova
Definition
neutron star
Term
stars bigger than 25x explode create
Definition
black hole
Term
second generation stars are created from
Definition
cosmic dust
Term
how old is universe
Definition
13.7 billion  years
Term
how old is sun?
Definition
5 billion years
Term
earths core is made of?
Definition
iron core and molten rock from uranium decay
Term
plate tectonics
Definition

convection of molten rock mantle.

movement of crust

Term
how old is earth?
Definition
4.5 billion years
Term
how do we know how old earth is?
Definition
uranium decaying to lead
Term
how old is life on earth? 
Definition
3.5-3.8 billion years
Term
how do we know how old life is on earth?
Definition

earliest fossil evidence: 3.5 billion years

 

earliest carbon isotope evidence: 3.8 billion years

Term
Oparin & Haldane experiment compounds
Definition
H2, CH4, H2O, NH3
Term
Miller & Urey apparatus gases & what formed
Definition

H2, CH4, H2O, NH3

 

amino acids and nucleotides

Term
Miller & Urey experiment with volcanic gases (CO2, H2O, and N2) produced
Definition
no amino acids or nucleotides formed
Term
first 3 billion years of life
Definition
Precambrian - when evolution took place
Term
Volcanic gases irradiated with UV light
Definition
reduce molecules an form amino acids, nucleotides, and sugars
Term
role of clays on surface of earth
Definition
when heated help to polymerize monomers to form proteins and nucleic acids
Term
"RNA world"
Definition
RNA doing the role of DNA in early living things.
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
no nucleus and RNA genome
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition

nucleus

regulation of expression of genes

Term
chlorophyll
Definition
a cell able to synthesize oxygen and food from energy from the sun's light
Term
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Definition

symbiotic relationship of being able to use oxygen as an electron acceptor for energy-producing reactions

 

they both have their own DNA and ribosomes

Term
1st billion years of life
Definition
Archaen
Term
2nd billion years of life
Definition
Protoerozoic
Term
last 500 million years of life
Definition
Cambrian
Term
time period of visible life (3rd eon)
Definition
Phanerozoic
Term
Woese's three domains of life
Definition

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Term
Molecular Kinetic energy
Definition
measured by thermal energy
Term
Potential energy
Definition
determined by an object's position in a force field
Term
1st law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy is conserved
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
every transfer of energy or transformation increases disorder (entropy) of the universe
Term
Delbruck & Luria discover what?
Definition
how bacterial viruses replicate
Term
3 types of monosaccharides
Definition

sugars

amino acids

nucleotides

Term
polymers of sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides
Definition

sugars - polysaccharides

amino acids - proteins

nucleotides - nucleic acids

Term
when monosaccharides polymerize
Definition

condensation

 water is released (dehydration synthesis)

Term
hydrolysis
Definition
a water molecule reacts with the bond linking the monomers. A monomer is broken off the chain, resulting in a shorter polymer. 
Term
form of sugars
Definition
linear or ring due to chirality
Term
sugars structure
Definition
carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups
Term
hydroxyl group above the ring plane
Definition
beta-glucose 
Term
hydroxyl group below the ring plane
Definition
alpha-glucose
Term
starch polymers
Definition

alpha-glucose (1-4 linkage)

 

ring form storage polysaccharides

Term
amylase & pectin
Definition

unbranched alpha glucose/ branched form

 

found in plants

Term
glycogen
Definition

alpha glucose 

highly branched

found in animal cells

Term
cellulose polymer
Definition

beta glucose 1-4 linkage

 

linear strand storage polysaccharide

Term
types of cellulose
Definition

chitin - exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans

 

peptidoglycan - tough, flexible bacterial cell wall

Term
sequence of amino acids
Definition
Primary structure
Term
order of protein synthesis
Definition
from amino terminus (N-terminal) on left to carboxyl terminus on right
Term
chirality of amino acids
Definition
all except glycine are chiral
Term
Lysine (K Lys)
Definition

4 carbons, 1 NH3

polar

hydrophilic

 

 

Term
Arginine (R Arg)
Definition

4 carbons, 3 nitrogens

positively charged

polar

hydrophilic

Term
Glutamate (E Glu)
Definition

carboxyl group

negative charged

acidic

polar

Hydrophilic

Term
Serine (S Ser)
Definition

Hydroxyl group

no charge

polar

less hydrophobic

Term
Cysteine (C Cys)
Definition

sulfhydryl group

polar

less hydrophobic

disulfide bonds - form molecular staples

Term
Phenylalanine (F Phe)
Definition

benzene group

non-polar

hydrophobic

Term
Isoleucine (L Ile)
Definition

isobutyl group

non-polar

hydrophobic

Term
alpha helix and beta sheet
Definition
secondary structure
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
overall folded structure of a protein governed by interactions of carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogens
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
functional unit consists of two or more proteins
Term
enzyme
Definition

catalyst

lower activation energy

Term
actin and tubulin
Definition
structural elements that polymerize to form filaments in cytoskeleton
Term
DNA
Definition

5' to 3' strands with antiparallel opposing strands

 

hydrogen bonded in between

 

 

Term
cell mitosis
Definition
first thing is DNA replication
Term
T
Definition
A or U in RNA
Term
G
Definition
C
Term
Rosalind Franklin
Definition
made semi-crystalline fibers of DNA and took pictures of them
Term
Watson & Crick
Definition
Used Rosalind's pictures and found double helix DNA pattern
Term
RNA
Definition

nucleotide subunits have ribose

 

uridine is substituted for thymidine

 

single stranded molecule

Term
stem loop structures
Definition

RNA loop back on itself to form internal self base-paired structures

 

for example transfer RNA

Term
Ribozymes
Definition

RNA as enzymes

when RNA played the roles of DNA and proteins

Term
Lipids
Definition

water insoluble hydrocarbon

 

fats, phospholipids, cholesterol

Term
Fats
Definition
esterify 3 fatty acid molecules with glycerol
Term
amphipathic
Definition
water soluble region and insoluble region in the same molecule
Term
micelles
Definition

when fatty acids roll up into small balls with hydrophobic parts inside and hydrophilic parts outside

 

function as detergents to solubilize fats and oils

Term
saturated fatty acids
Definition
no C=C bonds
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
has C=C bond(s)
Term
animal fats
Definition
fats with substituent fatty acids largely saturated are solid at room temperature
Term
vegetable oil, fish oil
Definition
fats with substituent fatty acids largely unsaturated are liquid at room temperature
Term
partially hydrogenated vegetable oil contain
Definition
trans fatty acids
Term
linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid
Definition

polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for mammals because that cannot be by them

 

omega-6 and omega-3

Term
omega-3 and omega-6
Definition
used to synthesize 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids known as eicosinoids
Term
eicosinoids
Definition

useds as the fatty acid in certain phospholipids

 

can be hydrolyzed to generate prostaglandins

Term
prostaglandins
Definition

mediate blood clotting and inflammation

 

Term
function of omega-6 and omega-3 acids in prostaglandins
Definition

omega-6: produces clotting and inflammation

 

omega-3: the opposite effect

Term
phospholipids
Definition

2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate stubstituent

amphipathic molecule

spontaneously form bilayers

Term
shape of phospholipids
Definition

planar bilayers due to tubular shape

 

not energetically favored so close to form hollow vesicles

Term
properties of phospholipid bilayer
Definition

2-D

 

diffuse in the plane of the membrane

 

melt or freeze depending on temperature

Term
higher percentage of phospholipids
Definition
with cis-unsaturated fatty acids in membrane, more fluid the membrane will be at any given temperature
Term
cholesterol
Definition
fill the spaces in lipid bilayers containing cis-unsaturated fatty acids
Term
lipid bilayers with unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
more permeable (too permeable)
Term
lipid bilayers with saturated fatty acids
Definition
too impermeable
Term
cholesterol + unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
decrease permeability of the bilayer
Term
lipid rafts
Definition
cholesterol rich patches of particular lipids
Term
Singer & Nicholson
Definition

fluid-mosaic model for structure of biological membrane in 1972

 

proposed alpha-helix hydrophobic sequences would traverse the lipid bilayer

Term
alpha-helix hydrophobic protein sequence
Definition

traverse the lipid bilayer

 

hydrophobic side go into hydrophobic interior of lipid bilayer

 

about 20 amino acids from the alpha-helix in lipid

Term
peripheral membrane proteins
Definition
attached to membrane but not in the lipid bilayer
Term
integral proteins
Definition
transmembrane - in the lipid bilayer
Term
how to differentiate between the 2 membrane proteins
Definition
experimentation in which peripheral membrane proteins can be extracted from membranes by high salt or extremes of pH
Term
X-ray crystallography
Definition
showed Singer-Nicholson the fluid-mosaic model was correct
Term
freeze fracture experiments
Definition

support Singer-Nicholson model

 

showed that membranes have a smooth surface(lipid bilayer) studded with bumps(membrane proteins)

Term
glycosylated
Definition
membrane proteins that have short chains of sugar attached to them at multiple sites
Term
diffusion
Definition

even distribution of solute molecules throughout  the solvent

 

solute moves across membrane

Term
osmosis
Definition

the flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low concentration to high concentration.

 

results in equilibrium of concentration of free water molecules

Term
hypertonic
Definition

outside more concentrated in solute

 

water flows out of cell and cell shrinks

Term
hypotonic
Definition

inside of cell more concentrated in solute

 

water flows into cell and cell lysis (bursts)

Term
isotonic
Definition

inside and outside concentration of solutes is equal

 

cell stays same.

Term
what can pass through lipid bilayers?
Definition

hydrophobic molecules

 

small uncharged polar molecules

Term
what is unable to pass through lipid bilayers?
Definition

large polar molecules (sugars)

 

ions

 

amino acids

Term
passive transport
Definition
Membrane proteins help amino acids and sugars get through by facilitated diffusion and ion channel proteins
Term
active transport
Definition

ATP- dependent powered pumps

 

transporters that move solute against a concentration gradient

Term
Na+-K+ pump
Definition

high concentration of Na+ outside of cell sometimes leak inside.

 

the pump moves them back out

 

3 Na+ ions move out of the cell and 2 K+ ions move into the cell.

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