Term
| Phylogeny implies what type of relationship? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of rock containing fossils |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue is most likely to fossilize |
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Definition
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Term
| How do homologous structures differ from Analogus structures? |
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Definition
| Homologus structures are similar, not exact same. Analogus have the same function, not related through ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Convergent Evolution; not by common ancestry |
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Term
| What is expected of DNA sequences of species related by phylogeny? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any biological classification category is a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms are referred by their: |
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Definition
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Term
| Related classes belong to the same: |
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Definition
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Term
| Related families belong to the same: |
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Definition
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Term
The highest taxon is ___, the lowest is ___.
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Definition
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Term
| Any major grouping with a common ancestor in a phylogenetic tree is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Families Canidae and Mustelidae share a common branch from the Order Carnivora which is seperate form the Family Felidae. What is the realtionship between felines and the other two families, closer related to on or equally distant from both? |
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Definition
| They're equally distant to other families; In same order of Carnivora |
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Term
| What is a shared derived characteristic of a clad of all vertebraes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a shared derived charactertic that groups mammals into a sub-clade? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does an outgroup relate to an ingroup in cladistics? |
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Definition
| Less related than ingroup members |
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Term
| What do branch lengths indicate in a phylogram? |
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Definition
| # of DNA sequence changes; Differences in DNA sequence |
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Term
| What is shown in an ultimetric tree? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are genes for rRNA used for ancient relationships? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are mitochondrial genes used for recent relationships? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which would be more likely, a speciation that required 8 mutations or one that only required 5? This refers the rule of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the law of Parsimony. |
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Definition
| Parsimony states that the simplest explanation (tree with fewest evolutionary leaps) is usually right. |
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Term
| Can any shared derived characteristic imply evolutionary relationship? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must be true of a genetic element to serve as a molecular clock? |
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Definition
| Relatively constant mutation rate (rate you can actually calculate) |
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Term
| Which are likely more closely related, crocodilians and lizards or crocodilians and birds? |
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Definition
| Crocodilians and birds; lizards are the outgroup |
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Term
| When did the big bag occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most of Earth's history is in which geological division? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of Earth's history is in which geological division? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does spontaneous generation differ from biogenesis? |
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Definition
| Spontaneous generation was stated life arose from inanimate material. Biogenesis states life comes from other life. |
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Term
| Who largely disproved spontaneous generation? |
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Definition
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Term
| If biogenesis is true, how did life initially evolve? |
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Definition
| Mustve been abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules. These had to join to polymers. Some polymers had to self-replication. These polymers had to become packed into membranes. |
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Term
| What did Miller-Urey experiment produce? |
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Definition
| Spontaneous formation of organic compounds (simple amino acids). |
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Term
| What were the starting components of the Miller-Urey experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the catalyst of the Milley-Urey experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "precursor" to a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was most likely the first self-replicating molecule and why? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are deep sea hydrothermal vents likely similar to life origins? |
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Definition
| Likely closer to Earths primate conditions. |
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Term
| The earliest prokaryotes were likely: |
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Definition
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Term
| Many boundries in the geological time scale coincide with: |
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Definition
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Term
| How many mass extinctions do there appear to have been in fossil record? |
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Definition
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Term
| What evidence suggests Cretaceous extinction was due to a comet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two measurements are required for radiometric dating? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you die today, how much of your C14 will be left after 5,730 years; how about in 11,460 years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are isotopes like U238 better for dating older fossils than C14? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the Earths crust fixed into place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What might be found at plate boundaries? |
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Definition
| Volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains. |
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Term
| All land masses were once joined into a supercontinent called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In the mesozoic geological time period about 650 mya |
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Term
| How do mesozoic fossil compare on different continents before and after continental drift of the broken up Pangea? |
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Definition
| Same before, different after |
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Term
| Australia broke from the rest of the contients as ___ animals were evolving |
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Definition
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Term
| What often follows after a mass extinction? |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest prokaryote fossils are __, which are about __ years old. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is evolution of photosynthesis noted in the fossil record? |
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Definition
| Appearance of rust in rock |
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Term
| What significant change occured in the Cambrian period? |
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Definition
| New life forms sppeared, unique organisms. |
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Term
| How long ago was land colonized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dominant type organisms on Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes in extreme environments |
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Definition
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Term
| Multicellular eukaryotes with absorptive nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| Multicellular eukaryotes with ingestive nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| Multicellular eukaryotes with photosynthetic nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
| Streptococcus bacteria are what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacillus Anthracis bacteria are what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes are usually about what size? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial cell walls are made primarily of: |
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Definition
| Peptidogylcan (protein/amino acids; little short chain of amino acids). |
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Term
| Gram staining is based on differences in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria with protective outer membrane in cell wall |
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Definition
| Gram Negative (harder to treat) |
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Term
| Bacteria with thick peptidogylcan walls |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are gram negative cells more resistant than gram positive? |
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Definition
| Sturdier in general ( tougher ) Have a whole extra outer membrane |
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Term
| Staph epidermids uses these to form biofilms of IV catheters |
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Definition
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Term
| These allow E. coli to bind intestinal and urinal tract cells |
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Definition
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Term
| These allow E. coli to to swim, do all bacteria have these? |
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Definition
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Term
| Motile bacteria can swim toward food by |
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Definition
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Term
| What membranous organelles are in prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial genes for antibiotic resistance can be found in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Binary fission (cell division via) |
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Term
E. coli strain O157 acquired toxin genes from dead Shigella cell, this type of gene transfer:
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogenic strep bacteria get toxins genes from a viral infection, this tupe of gene transfer: |
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Definition
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Term
| E. coli transfers toxin genes to eachother using __, impying this type of gene transfer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must canned food be pressure cooked? |
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Definition
| To kill endospores ( botulism bacteria) |
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Term
| Thiobacillus ferroxidans use iron for energy and CO2 for carbon, it is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Cyanobacteria use light energy and CO2, they are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What lead to bloom of flesh eating bacteria in Gulf of Mexico? |
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Definition
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Term
| These organisms absorb nutrient from dead materials |
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Definition
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Term
| These organisms absorb nutrient from host organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| If most nitrogen is in the atmosphere, how does it become available in ecosystems? |
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Definition
| From nitrogen fixing bacteria (then we eat in proteins); Nitrogen Fixation |
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Term
| Oxygen is toxic to these organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen is required for these organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Two kinds of anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
| Fementation and anerobic respiration |
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Term
| E. coli uses oxygen if present, but doesn't require it, it is a |
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Definition
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Term
| Cow and termite guts and landfills may harbor these Archea |
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Definition
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Term
| These archaea are salt tolerant |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal diphtheroid bacteria on the skin provide us with no direct harm or benefit, they are |
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Definition
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Term
| E. coli in your guy feed you vitamins while you feed them, this is |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal resident bacteria that cause disease are |
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Definition
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Term
| These prokaryotes have toxin built into their walls |
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Definition
| Endotoxins ( gram negative) |
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Term
| These prokaryotes secrete toxins into their surroundings |
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Definition
| Exotoxins (gram positive) |
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Term
| Use of bacteria to degrade wastes is |
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Definition
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