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| a specialized cell in the nervous system that transmits impulses and information throughout the body |
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| neurons that transmit information from the brain to organs and muscles; multipolar |
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| transmit information from body and outside sources to the brain; unipolar when outside the brain, bipolar when outside the brain and spinal cord |
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| neurons that transmit information between motor and sensory neurons; multipolar inside the brain and spinal cord |
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| neuron with one projection (axon/dendrite) coming off of the cell body |
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neuron with two projetions (axon/dendrites) coming off of the cell body
ex: when the cell body is located in between two axons |
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neuron with multiple projections (axon/dendrites) coming off of the cell body
ex: typical diagrammed neuron |
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| the other major type of cell (besides neurons) in the nervous system; provides support for neurons, produce myelin |
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| projections off of the cell body, where information enters a neuron; sends info into cell body and nucleus |
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| where information in neuron is processed, sent down the axon |
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| pathway through cell, from cell body to terminal buttons |
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| fatty cells that insulate axon, make action potentials faster |
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| glial cells that produce myelin in the CNS (brain/spinal cord) |
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| cells that produce myelin in the PNS (central nervous system outside brain/spinal cord) |
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| locations between myelin where action potential is recharged |
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| "jumping" of action potential down axon from node to node |
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| where information is sent out of the neuron to another neuron via neurotransmitters |
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| a disease that occurs as a result of the breakdown of myelin in a person's neurons |
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| where initial stimulation of action potential occurs |
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| an electrical charge that carries information through a neuron |
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| during an action potential, when the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the membrane of a neuron is at rest; due to the unequal distribution of K ions and Na ions |
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| action potential/depolarization |
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Definition
during an action potential when the charge outside the membrane becomes more positive (reaches AP threshold), sodium channels open, Na rushes into inside of membrane, inside of the cell becomes more positive than outside
inside of membrane becoming positive=action potential |
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| during an action potential, when the inside of the membrane becomes too positive, potassium pump opens and K rushes out of the cell, resulting in a much more negative inside than there was before |
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| the movement of particles from an area of high concentration of an area of low concentration |
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| oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other, creating a force |
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| during an action potential, when the NaK pump, in an effort to restore resting potential, will pass 3 NA ions to the outside of the cell for every 2 K ions going in |
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| a chemical messenger, binds to receptor sites on dendrites |
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| a receptor that when activated, directly affects the activity of a cell by directly opening ion channels |
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| a receptor that influences the activity of a cell indirectly by first initiating a metabolic change in the cell; this metabolic change may ultimately affect the opening or closing of an ion channel or may alter some other activity of the cell such as protein transcription |
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| Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter binding leads to increased firing of a neuron |
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| Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter binding leads to decreased firing of a neuron; inhibition is key in maintaining balance |
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| when neurotransmitters are recycled and brought back into the presynaptic vesicles |
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| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) |
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Definition
| a type of antidepressant that prevents reuptake; allows for increased binding/refiring of serotonin neurons |
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Definition
| when an enzyme destroys neurotransmitters that are do not bind to the postsynaptic membrane, are left over in the synapse |
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| if a threshold is not reached, the neuron will not fire; if threshold is reached, neuron must fire |
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| you get a bigger sensation because neurons fire faster; AP is always the same size, intensity is because of speed of fire |
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| initiates normal effects of neurotransmitter; mimics neurotransmitter |
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| binds to receptor but does not activate it; blocks effects of neurotransmitters |
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| Nicotinic (ionotropic) receptor |
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Definition
| an Acetylcholine receptor that is associated with muscle control |
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| Muscarinic (metabotropic) receptor |
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Definition
an Acetylcholine receptor that is associated with cognition, learning, memory; typically has longer lasting effects
ex: Alzeimer's decreases ability of receptors to bind to NTs |
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| a monoamine that is associated with reward neurotransmitters; too much dopamine can cause psychosis, not enough dopamine can lead to Parkinsons (loss of muscle control) |
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a monoamine hormone that is associated with the brain, stress hormone, helps regulate heart function
ex: fight-or-flight |
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| a monoamine hormone that produced in the body and helps to regulate physiological effects |
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| a monoamine hormone that is associated with mood |
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| an amino acid, is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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| Gamma-aminobutynic acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| an amino acid, is the calming/inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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| excitotoxicity effect/neurotoxicity |
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Definition
| if neurotransmitters are overstimulated, neurons can die |
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| a neuropeptide; is endogenous morphine, a naturally occurring pain killer |
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| a neuropeptide; neurotransmitter associated with pain |
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| a neuropeptide; related to eating, increased NPY leads to increased eating |
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| a plant neurotoxin that causes paralysis; antagonist for acetylcholine (makes acetylcholine unable to bind in brain) |
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| an illness/intoxication caused by bacterial nerve toxins; extreme neurotoxicity causes paralysis or death; is an agonist |
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| located above in the brain |
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| located below in the brain |
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| "anterior/rostral" location |
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| located in front of in the brain |
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| "poterior/caudal" location |
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| located behind in the brain |
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| located toward the middle of the brain |
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| located toward the outside of the brain |
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part of the limbic system
involved in emotions
coordinates sensory input with emotions
emotional response to pain
regulates aggressive behavior
links behavioral outcome to motivation
has to do with conscious awareness
located posterior to corpus callosum |
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| system of parts in brain dealing with mood and behavior |
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bundle of fibers that carries information between the two hemispheres of the brain
surgeons must sometimes sever it in patients with severe epileptic seizures
without it, the hemispheres cannot communicate, so taks specific to one hemisphere, such as language and spatial tasks, are no longer connected |
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Definition
receives information from all sensory systems (except olfaction/smell) and sends signals to appropriate sense cortex to be processed
located in center of brain
additional roles in movement, memory, and consciousness |
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controls all emotions, allows for emotions, processes emotions
located in temporal lobe, part of limbic system
each person has two amygdalas, located by ears in the hypothalamus |
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balance control, coordinated movement, visually guided movement
controls speed intensity, and direction of movements
source of classical conditioning |
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| contains medulla and pons |
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| regulates basic life support, breathing, heartbeat |
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| regulates sleep and arousal |
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responsible for emotion regulation and behavior regulation
the four F's: feeding, fleeing, fighting, fucking, and temperature regulation
located inferior/anterior to thalamus in center of brain |
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Definition
involved in memory formation, organization, and storage
connects emotions and senses to memory, which makes memory recall easier
involved in spatial organization and navigation
part of the Limbic system
located in temporal loves adjacent to the amygdala |
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Definition
controls behavior, plays a role in planning and coordination of specific movement sequences
has 3 structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus |
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part of basal ganglia
involved in memory and learning, active when gaining information through senses |
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part of basal ganglia
regulates movements and influences various types of learning |
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part of basal ganglia
regulates movement, has primary inhibitory action which balances excitatory action of cerebellum |
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part of basal ganglia
includes caudate nucleus and putamen |
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Definition
controls voluntary movement, produces the neurotransmitter dopamine, is involved in reward and addiction
connected to basal ganglia
located in midbrain |
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Definition
regulates body's circadian clock based on light
made up of a network of nerve cells
cells produce a signal that helps regulate circadian clock
located at the base of the hypothalamus |
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important to memory processing
damage can lead to amnesia
small round paired cell group, connected to the hypothalamus through a nerve path called the fornix
part of the limbic system |
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Definition
| slice of the brain from front to back (like bread) |
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| transverse/horozontal section |
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Definition
| slice of the brain from top to bottom |
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| slice of the brain from side to side, left to right (hemisphere) |
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highest cognitive thinking
most anterior part of frontal lobe |
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| complex cognition, movement, speech |
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production of speech
posterior and inferior part of frontal lobe |
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| precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex |
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Definition
where movements of specific groups of muscles are controlled
every part of the body has a spot on this cortex, when stimulated will cause movement in different parts of body |
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| postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
where sensation is processed
every part of the body has a spot on this cortex, when stimulated will cause sensation in different parts of body |
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| involves sensation input and sensation processing |
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comprehension of speech
located superior/posterior in temporal lobe |
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| receives and processes visual input from the retina |
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outer portion of brain few millimeters of covering
most developed part of brain
responsible for higher level processing/thinking |
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grooves on cortex
helpful landmarks in identifying parts of the brain |
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deeper indentations in the cortex
helpful landmarks in identifying parts of the brain |
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separates temporal lobe from the rest of brain on both sides
located on side of brain |
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| separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe |
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| precentral/postcentral gyri |
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| bumps in front/behind central sulcus |
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| separates right hemisphere from left hemisphere of brain |
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| brain matter made of cell bodies |
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| brain matter made of myelin |
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| holes in brain that contain cerebral fluid |
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long structure that runs through medulla and pons
different parts of reticular formation aid with function of pons and medulla
part of brainstem |
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Definition
secretes major hormones
attached to the hypothalamus |
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major pleasure center
attached to hypothalamus
part of Mesolimbic Cortical Dopaminergic System |
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Definition
plays role in memory
comes out of mammillary body and connects to hippocampus |
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part of ventricular system
connects 3rd and 4th ventricle |
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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| fluid that holds brain in place, protects brain |
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| vessel-like structures in all four ventricles that makes cerebrospinal fluid |
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a buildup in spinal fluid that occurs when there's a blockage in ventricular system
causes a compression lesion |
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| a hole in brain caused by pressure on brain tissue |
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when neurons take on new functions from nearby areas
remaining neurons taking over function of damaged neurons |
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preoccupation with obtaining drug
compulsive use of the drug
high relapse rate after quitting drug
disruption of everyday functioning
**can be addicted to things other than drugs |
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Definition
negative symptoms experienced when a drug is not taken
often opposite to the effect of the drug |
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| needing more of the drug to get the same effect |
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| caused by reducing number of receptors available for binding reduction in sensitivity of receptors |
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learned tolerance, classical conditioning
you want the effect of the drug so you take it again |
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behavior is followed by being presented with something
adding something |
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Definition
behavior is followed by removal of an aversive stimulis
taking something away
ex: smoking a cigarette to reduce anxiety |
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| Mesolimbic Cortical Dopaminergic System |
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Definition
reward pathway
important for reinforcement of drugs contains nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
plays role in reward
part of Mesolimbic Cortical Dopaminergic System |
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Definition
makes dopamine
located in midbrain
part of Mesolimbic Cortical Dopaminergic System |
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Definition
| role in interpretations psychological part of addiction part of Mesolimbic Cortical Dopaminergic System |
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| reward deficiency syndrome |
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Definition
| those suffering from this illness are unable to experience happiness because "feel good" neurotransmitters are blocked or levels are low |
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Definition
| the inability to experience pleasure |
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| drug that mimics the effects of the drug |
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| blocks the effects of the drug |
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| causes negative reaction to the drug |
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| makes person immune to drug's effects |
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