Term
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Definition
endorphin agonists; turns on endorphin system
ex: opium, morphine, heroin |
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Term
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Definition
glutamate antagonist; inhibits glutamate/excitatory
OR GABA agonists; increases GABA/inhibition
ex: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines |
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Term
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Definition
Dopamine agonists, serotonin agonists, norepinephrine agonists
ex: cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine |
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Term
| Psychedelics (Hallucinogens) |
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Definition
serotonin agonists
ex: LSD, shrooms, MDMA (ecstasy) |
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Term
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Definition
andocannabinoids agonist; leads to release of dopamine
ex: marijuana, marinol
active ingredient: THC, helps with reduction of anxiety, calming, increases appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty recalling information learned before an amnesic agent |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty learning information after an amnesic agent |
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Term
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Definition
a cause of amnesia
ex: head trauma (concussions), brain lesion, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), hypothermia, hyperthermia |
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Term
| temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia |
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Definition
| can remember distant past but can't remember events closer to amnesic agent |
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Term
| flat gradient of retrograde amnesia |
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Definition
| can't remember anything from before the amnesic agent |
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Term
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Definition
a kind of memory that you are consciously aware of, that you can talk about
includes semantic and episodic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| facts, basic information, general world knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| personal events, from your own perspective |
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Term
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Definition
memories that are easier to show than talk about
includes procedural memory and classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| remembering how to do something |
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Term
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Definition
| an unconscious form of learning/association |
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Term
| neocortical association areas |
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Definition
part of brain that houses memories
includes frontal lobe, broca's area, wernike's area |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for semantic memory, involved in memory coding and retrieval
includes perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, entorhinal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for relational/episodic memory
includes dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum, fornix |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for nondeclarative memory
includes caudate nucleus and putamen (part of basal ganglia) |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for nondeclarative memory
plays role in coordination, balance, relays information between body muscles and cerebral cortex |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| exposure component with hierarchies of fear and relaxation component |
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Term
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Definition
| throwing person into phobia fully, complete exposure right away |
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Term
| protein synthesis inhibitor |
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Definition
preventing creation of a protein which disrupts consolidation of a memory
helps to treat PTSD
ex: anisomysis/cycloheximide (toxic), betablockers (decreases epinephrine and makes memories less emotional) |
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Term
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Definition
| new memories are vulnerable, storage is disrupted, leads to permanent loss of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| active memories are vulnerable |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieval of memories is disrupted, temporary loss of memory |
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Term
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Definition
| memory is present after an amnesic agent is delivered, then disappears with time |
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Term
| reminder treatment effect |
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Definition
| reexposure to appropriate cues can bring back an inaccessible memory |
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Term
| state dependent retention |
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Definition
if you learn something in one state, you remember it best in the same state
delayed onset: leaving original state results in poor recall
reminder treatment: return to original state leads to better recall |
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Term
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Definition
| If an axon of a presynaptic neuron is active while the post synaptic neuron is firing, the synapse between them will be strengthened. "Neurons that fire together, wire together." |
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Term
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Definition
an increase in synaptic strength following repeated high-frequency stimulation
is a physiological measure of learning
associated with glutamage (AMPA receptor, NMDA receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss is usually episodic, ranges from hours to several decades of loss, duration is typically 3 to 8 hours, population usually affected is 50-70 year olds possibly caused by small ischemias (tiny strokes) caused by physical exertion |
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Term
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Definition
when brain tissue shrinks, fissures/sulci become larger
neurodegenerative: tissue is continuously destroyed |
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Term
| common difficulties of Alzheimer's |
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Definition
remembering declarative memories, time and place, word finding, nondeclarative over time
thinking and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
when these things are too much, they kill off brain cells by disrupting neural transmission, increase release of glutamate and causing neurotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| built up beta-amyloid on brain cells |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of protein tau on brain cells |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that increase acetylcholine or prevent destruction of acetylcholine in the synapse
newer drugs decrease sensitivity to glutamate; prevents excitotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot diagnose until looking at brain slices, and find plaques and tangles |
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Term
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Definition
| when you make things up to fill in lack of memory |
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Term
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Definition
physiological arousal produces emotions
different physiological reactions lead to different emotions |
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Term
| Schacter-Singer Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
Emotions come from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling
all physiological reactions the same, cognitive labeling differentiate emotion |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus: allows you to "see" before processing
Amygdala: quick emotional response
Hypothalamus: fight-or-flight |
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Term
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Definition
Thalamus: allows you to "see" before processing
Cortical area (occipital lobe): processing, recognition, cognitive labeling
Amygdala: adjusts emotional response |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System stress response |
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Definition
SNS stimulates adrenal medulla (above kidneys)
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
leads to increased energy via heart output and muscle release of glucose |
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Term
| HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) Axis stress response |
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Definition
hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates adrenal cortex which secretes glucocorticoids
leads to increased energy via glucose production, fat availability, metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion |
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Term
| short-term effects of stress |
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Definition
| epinephrine/norepinephrine: hypertension, sudden cardiac death |
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Term
| long-term effects of stress |
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Definition
| glucocorticoids: hypertension, inhibit growth, muscle tissue damage, suppress immune system, infertility, damage to hippocampus |
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Term
| acute treatment of stress |
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Definition
cortisol causes an increase in dendrites on neurons; the more dendrites, the more connections made with other neurons
in the short-term, stress hormones can be good |
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Term
| chronic treatment of stress |
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Definition
long term exposure to cortisol can slow down neural growth and kill neurons
in the long-term, stress hormones hinder neural activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a depressive disorder; at least 2 years with moderately depressed mood and no more than 2 months symptom-free |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a depressive disorder; at least 2 weeks of severely depressed mood that may contain suicidal thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| a bipolar disorder; at least 2 years of cycling between hypomanic and mild depressive moods |
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Term
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Definition
| episodes of mania, often followed by severely depressed mood |
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Term
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Definition
| episodes of hypomania (milder euphoric episodes), often followed by severely depressed mood (depression tends to be more extreme than cyclomania) |
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Term
| positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
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Definition
| inject radioactive glucose to measure brain activity |
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Term
| brain activity abnormalities in depression |
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Definition
increased activity in frontal cortex (rumination) and amygdala (increase in negative emotions)
decreased activity in anterior cingulate gyrus (conscious awareness and emotion) |
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Term
| functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI) |
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Definition
| measure oxygen consumption in the brain, less invasive than PET scan |
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Term
| Computed Tomography scan (CT) |
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Definition
| uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| uses magnetism to visualize internal structures of the body |
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Term
| Structural brain abnormalities in depression |
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Definition
| enlarged ventricles (brain cell death), right hemisphere damage (associated with positive emotion), hippocampus smaller (memory and emotion) |
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Term
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Definition
reduction in monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) causes depression
evidence: monoamine depletion with drugs causes depressive state |
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Term
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I) |
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Definition
| blocks destruction of monoamines via blockage of monoamine oxidase |
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Term
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Definition
| foods that contain pressor amines (cheese, yogur, wine, etc) can be dangerous when consumed with an MAO-I; can cause very high blood pressure or death |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibiror (SSRI) |
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Definition
| prevents serotonin from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor |
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Term
| Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) |
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Definition
| prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor |
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Term
| Triple-reuptake Inhibitors (TRI) |
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Definition
| prevents serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
treats severe depression
electrical charge applied to brain to cause seizures
increases neurogenesis in hippocampus |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
noninvasive way of stimulating frontal cortex to treat depression
can shut off or stimulate parts of brain in cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| implanting electrode into anterior cingulate gyrus to increase activity and treat depression |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Definition
| changing thoughts and behaviors through talk-therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| a glutamate antagonist, blocks excitation anesthetic and club drug that causes out of body experiences can completely reverse depression within hours |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that one can feel helpless after trying and failing many times rat and dog studies |
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Term
| Cade's discovery for treatment of bipolar disorder |
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Definition
injected psych patients' urine into guinea pigs, they died because of high rates of uric acid
discovered that Lithium has a calming effect and stops death |
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Term
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Definition
drug used to stabilize bipolar patients
not sure why it works, might stabilize serotonin
is easy to overdose |
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Term
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Definition
effective dose vs. lethal dose
the closer the two numbers are the more dangerous it is |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removal of symptoms or behavior |
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Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
hallucinations: seeing things that don't exist
delusions: false beliefs
bizarre behaviors: anything against social norms
disturbed thought processes: hard to focus |
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Term
| negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
flat affect: no extreme emotions
alogia: lack of speech
catatonia: lack of movement
social withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
diathesis=genetic predisposition, stress=environmental stressor
model predicts psychopathy based on combination of genes and environment (nature vs. nurture) |
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Term
| nature component of schizophrenia |
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Definition
schizophrenia genes disrupt synaptic function
paternal age: older fathers have more mutations in spermatocytes
prenatal malnutrition: lack of thiamine and vitamin D can cause schizophrenia |
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Term
| nurture component of schizophrenia |
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Definition
seasonality effect: winter babies more likely to be schizophrenic
latitude effect: further you life from equator more likely to have schizophrenia, because of cold and increased likelihood of viral infections
population density: denser populations have increased likelihood of schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
overactivity of dopamine synapses (linked with mesolimbic pathway) can cause schizophrenia symptoms
dopamine antagonists can alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia
dopamine agonists can produce/increase positive symptoms |
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Term
| short-term effects of dopamine treatments |
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Definition
| parkinsonian symptoms: slowness of movement, lack of facial expression, general weakness |
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Term
| long-term effects of dopamine treatments |
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Definition
| tardive diskinesia: permanent, involuntary movements of face/neck; caused by supersensitivity from blockage of dopamine |
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Term
| brain abnormalities of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| larger ventricles (neural death), smaller hippocampus, less activity in frontal lobe |
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Term
| Hypofrontality Hypothesis |
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Definition
less activity in frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is linked with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
hyperactivity of nucleus accumbens is linked with positive symptoms of schizophrenia
treatments stimulate prefrontal cortex by increasing glutamate, increase GABA in mesolimbic pathway to inhibit Dopamine release |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of panic attacks; initiation of fight-or-flight symptoms with nothing to use them for |
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Term
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Definition
fear of future panic attacks
physiological symptoms of panic attack occur before actual panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of being in public, likely because of fear of next panic attack occurring |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| constant unease and worrying, "free floating" anxiety; is co-morbid |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder that is commonly diagnosed with other anxiety disorders |
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Term
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Definition
intense fear of an object, place, etc
fear is normal, but when phobias prevent you from living your life |
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Term
| treatment for Panic disorder, GAD, Phobia |
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Definition
GABA agonists: remove aversive stimulus (anxiety)
serotonin agonist: SSRI
classical conditioning: break association between stimulus and fear via exposure therapy |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
obsessions: unwanted thoughts
compulsions: unwanted behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
lesions: cingulatomy or capsulotomy
deep brain stimulation: into basal ganglia (compulsive part of brain)
drugs: SSRIs
classical conditioning: systematic desensitization |
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Term
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Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and limbic system
treatment for OCD |
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Term
|
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
treatment for OCD |
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Term
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Definition
| compulsive pulling of hair |
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Term
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Definition
| compulsive biting of fingernails |
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Term
|
Definition
| dogs compulsively licking fur |
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Term
|
Definition
overactivity of dopamine synapses (linked with mesolimbic pathway) can cause schizophrenia symptoms
dopamine antagonists can alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia
dopamine agonists can produce/increase positive symptoms |
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Term
| short-term effects of dopamine treatments |
|
Definition
| parkinsonian symptoms: slowness of movement, lack of facial expression, general weakness |
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Term
| long-term effects of dopamine treatments |
|
Definition
| tardive diskinesia: permanent, involuntary movements of face/neck; caused by supersensitivity from blockage of dopamine |
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|
Term
| brain abnormalities of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| larger ventricles (neural death), smaller hippocampus, less activity in frontal lobe |
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Term
| Hypofrontality Hypothesis |
|
Definition
less activity in frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is linked with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
hyperactivity of nucleus accumbens is linked with positive symptoms of schizophrenia
treatments stimulate prefrontal cortex by increasing glutamate, increase GABA in mesolimbic pathway to inhibit Dopamine release |
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Term
|
Definition
| experience of panic attacks; initiation of fight-or-flight symptoms with nothing to use them for |
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Term
|
Definition
fear of future panic attacks
physiological symptoms of panic attack occur before actual panic attacks |
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of being in public, likely because of fear of next panic attack occurring |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| constant unease and worrying, "free floating" anxiety; is co-morbid |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder that is commonly diagnosed with other anxiety disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| intense fear of an object, place, etc fear is normal, but phobias prevent you from living your life |
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Term
| treatment for Panic disorder, GAD, Phobia |
|
Definition
GABA agonists: remove aversive stimulus (anxiety)
serotonin agonist: SSRI
classical conditioning: break association between stimulus and fear via exposure therapy |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
|
Definition
obsessions: unwanted thoughts
compulsions: unwanted behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
lesions: cingulatomy or capsulotomy
deep brain stimulation: into basal ganglia (compulsive part of brain)
drugs: SSRIs
classical conditioning: systematic desensitization |
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Term
|
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and limbic system
treatment for OCD |
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Term
|
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
treatment for OCD |
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Term
|
Definition
| compulsive pulling of hair |
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Term
|
Definition
| compulsive biting of fingernails |
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Term
|
Definition
| dogs compulsively licking fur |
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Term
| brain abnormalities of OCD |
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Definition
| increased activation in amygdala, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia |
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Term
| brain abnormalities of Panic Disorder, Phobias, GAD |
|
Definition
| increased activation in amygdala, cingulate gyrus, thalamus |
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