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Bio Psych-Emotion and Health
Exam 2
125
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/06/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Opiates
Definition
endorphin agonists; turns on endorphin system
ex: opium, morphine, heroin
Term
Depressants
Definition
glutamate antagonist; inhibits glutamate/excitatory
OR GABA agonists; increases GABA/inhibition
ex: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Term
Stimulants
Definition
Dopamine agonists, serotonin agonists, norepinephrine agonists
ex: cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine
Term
Psychedelics (Hallucinogens)
Definition
serotonin agonists
ex: LSD, shrooms, MDMA (ecstasy)
Term
Cannabinoids
Definition
andocannabinoids agonist; leads to release of dopamine
ex: marijuana, marinol
active ingredient: THC, helps with reduction of anxiety, calming, increases appetite
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
difficulty recalling information learned before an amnesic agent
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
difficulty learning information after an amnesic agent
Term
Amnesic agent
Definition
a cause of amnesia
ex: head trauma (concussions), brain lesion, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), hypothermia, hyperthermia
Term
temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia
Definition
can remember distant past but can't remember events closer to amnesic agent
Term
flat gradient of retrograde amnesia
Definition
can't remember anything from before the amnesic agent
Term
declarative memory
Definition
a kind of memory that you are consciously aware of, that you can talk about
includes semantic and episodic memory
Term
semantic memory
Definition
facts, basic information, general world knowledge
Term
episodic memory
Definition
personal events, from your own perspective
Term
nondeclarative memory
Definition
memories that are easier to show than talk about
includes procedural memory and classical conditioning
Term
procedural memory
Definition
remembering how to do something
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
an unconscious form of learning/association
Term
neocortical association areas
Definition
part of brain that houses memories
includes frontal lobe, broca's area, wernike's area
Term
parahippocampal region
Definition
responsible for semantic memory, involved in memory coding and retrieval
includes perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, entorhinal cortex
Term
hippocampal formation
Definition
responsible for relational/episodic memory
includes dentate gyrus, hippocampus, subiculum, fornix
Term
Striatum
Definition
responsible for nondeclarative memory
includes caudate nucleus and putamen (part of basal ganglia)
Term
cerebellum
Definition
responsible for nondeclarative memory
plays role in coordination, balance, relays information between body muscles and cerebral cortex
Term
systematic desensitization
Definition
exposure component with hierarchies of fear and relaxation component
Term
flooding
Definition
throwing person into phobia fully, complete exposure right away
Term
protein synthesis inhibitor
Definition
preventing creation of a protein which disrupts consolidation of a memory
helps to treat PTSD
ex: anisomysis/cycloheximide (toxic), betablockers (decreases epinephrine and makes memories less emotional)
Term
consolidation theory
Definition
new memories are vulnerable, storage is disrupted, leads to permanent loss of memory
Term
reconsolidation theory
Definition
active memories are vulnerable
Term
retrieval failure theory
Definition
retrieval of memories is disrupted, temporary loss of memory
Term
delayed onset of amnesia
Definition
memory is present after an amnesic agent is delivered, then disappears with time
Term
reminder treatment effect
Definition
reexposure to appropriate cues can bring back an inaccessible memory
Term
state dependent retention
Definition
if you learn something in one state, you remember it best in the same state
delayed onset: leaving original state results in poor recall
reminder treatment: return to original state leads to better recall
Term
Hebb's Law
Definition
If an axon of a presynaptic neuron is active while the post synaptic neuron is firing, the synapse between them will be strengthened. "Neurons that fire together, wire together."
Term
long term potentiation
Definition
an increase in synaptic strength following repeated high-frequency stimulation
is a physiological measure of learning
associated with glutamage (AMPA receptor, NMDA receptor)
Term
transient global amnesia
Definition
memory loss is usually episodic, ranges from hours to several decades of loss, duration is typically 3 to 8 hours, population usually affected is 50-70 year olds possibly caused by small ischemias (tiny strokes) caused by physical exertion
Term
Alzheimer's
Definition
when brain tissue shrinks, fissures/sulci become larger
neurodegenerative: tissue is continuously destroyed
Term
common difficulties of Alzheimer's
Definition
remembering declarative memories, time and place, word finding, nondeclarative over time
thinking and reasoning
Term
causes of Alzheimer's
Definition
beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles
when these things are too much, they kill off brain cells by disrupting neural transmission, increase release of glutamate and causing neurotoxicity
Term
beta-amyloid plaques
Definition
built up beta-amyloid on brain cells
Term
neurofibrillary tangles
Definition
bundles of protein tau on brain cells
Term
treatment of Alzheimer's
Definition
drugs that increase acetylcholine or prevent destruction of acetylcholine in the synapse
newer drugs decrease sensitivity to glutamate; prevents excitotoxicity
Term
diagnosis of Alzheimer's
Definition
cannot diagnose until looking at brain slices, and find plaques and tangles
Term
confabulation
Definition
when you make things up to fill in lack of memory
Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition
physiological arousal produces emotions
different physiological reactions lead to different emotions
Term
Schacter-Singer Cognitive Theory
Definition
Emotions come from physiological arousal and cognitive labeling
all physiological reactions the same, cognitive labeling differentiate emotion
Term
Direct fear pathway
Definition
Thalamus: allows you to "see" before processing
Amygdala: quick emotional response
Hypothalamus: fight-or-flight
Term
Indirect fear pathway
Definition
Thalamus: allows you to "see" before processing
Cortical area (occipital lobe): processing, recognition, cognitive labeling
Amygdala: adjusts emotional response
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System stress response
Definition
SNS stimulates adrenal medulla (above kidneys)
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
leads to increased energy via heart output and muscle release of glucose
Term
HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) Axis stress response
Definition
hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates adrenal cortex which secretes glucocorticoids
leads to increased energy via glucose production, fat availability, metabolism
Term
General Adaption Stage
Definition
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Term
short-term effects of stress
Definition
epinephrine/norepinephrine: hypertension, sudden cardiac death
Term
long-term effects of stress
Definition
glucocorticoids: hypertension, inhibit growth, muscle tissue damage, suppress immune system, infertility, damage to hippocampus
Term
acute treatment of stress
Definition
cortisol causes an increase in dendrites on neurons; the more dendrites, the more connections made with other neurons
in the short-term, stress hormones can be good
Term
chronic treatment of stress
Definition
long term exposure to cortisol can slow down neural growth and kill neurons
in the long-term, stress hormones hinder neural activity
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
a depressive disorder; at least 2 years with moderately depressed mood and no more than 2 months symptom-free
Term
major depressive disorder
Definition
a depressive disorder; at least 2 weeks of severely depressed mood that may contain suicidal thoughts
Term
cyclothymic disorder
Definition
a bipolar disorder; at least 2 years of cycling between hypomanic and mild depressive moods
Term
bipolar I disorder
Definition
episodes of mania, often followed by severely depressed mood
Term
bipolar II disorder
Definition
episodes of hypomania (milder euphoric episodes), often followed by severely depressed mood (depression tends to be more extreme than cyclomania)
Term
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
Definition
inject radioactive glucose to measure brain activity
Term
brain activity abnormalities in depression
Definition
increased activity in frontal cortex (rumination) and amygdala (increase in negative emotions)
decreased activity in anterior cingulate gyrus (conscious awareness and emotion)
Term
functional Magnetic Resonance Image (fMRI)
Definition
measure oxygen consumption in the brain, less invasive than PET scan
Term
Computed Tomography scan (CT)
Definition
uses x-rays to make detailed pictures of structures inside the body
Term
MRI
Definition
uses magnetism to visualize internal structures of the body
Term
Structural brain abnormalities in depression
Definition
enlarged ventricles (brain cell death), right hemisphere damage (associated with positive emotion), hippocampus smaller (memory and emotion)
Term
monoamine hypothesis
Definition
reduction in monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) causes depression
evidence: monoamine depletion with drugs causes depressive state
Term
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-I)
Definition
blocks destruction of monoamines via blockage of monoamine oxidase
Term
cheese effect
Definition
foods that contain pressor amines (cheese, yogur, wine, etc) can be dangerous when consumed with an MAO-I; can cause very high blood pressure or death
Term
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibiror (SSRI)
Definition
prevents serotonin from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor
Term
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI)
Definition
prevents serotonin and norepinephrine from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor
Term
Triple-reuptake Inhibitors (TRI)
Definition
prevents serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine from reuptake, sits in synapse longer, more likely to bind with receptor
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Definition
treats severe depression
electrical charge applied to brain to cause seizures
increases neurogenesis in hippocampus
Term
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Definition
noninvasive way of stimulating frontal cortex to treat depression
can shut off or stimulate parts of brain in cortex
Term
deep brain stimulation
Definition
implanting electrode into anterior cingulate gyrus to increase activity and treat depression
Term
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Definition
changing thoughts and behaviors through talk-therapy
Term
ketamine
Definition
a glutamate antagonist, blocks excitation anesthetic and club drug that causes out of body experiences can completely reverse depression within hours
Term
learned helplessness
Definition
the idea that one can feel helpless after trying and failing many times rat and dog studies
Term
Cade's discovery for treatment of bipolar disorder
Definition
injected psych patients' urine into guinea pigs, they died because of high rates of uric acid
discovered that Lithium has a calming effect and stops death
Term
Lithium
Definition
drug used to stabilize bipolar patients
not sure why it works, might stabilize serotonin
is easy to overdose
Term
low therapeutic index
Definition
effective dose vs. lethal dose
the closer the two numbers are the more dangerous it is
Term
positive symptoms
Definition
added symptoms/behaviors
Term
negative symptoms
Definition
removal of symptoms or behavior
Term
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
hallucinations: seeing things that don't exist
delusions: false beliefs
bizarre behaviors: anything against social norms
disturbed thought processes: hard to focus
Term
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
flat affect: no extreme emotions
alogia: lack of speech
catatonia: lack of movement
social withdrawal
Term
diathesis-stress model
Definition
diathesis=genetic predisposition, stress=environmental stressor
model predicts psychopathy based on combination of genes and environment (nature vs. nurture)
Term
nature component of schizophrenia
Definition
schizophrenia genes disrupt synaptic function
paternal age: older fathers have more mutations in spermatocytes
prenatal malnutrition: lack of thiamine and vitamin D can cause schizophrenia
Term
nurture component of schizophrenia
Definition
seasonality effect: winter babies more likely to be schizophrenic
latitude effect: further you life from equator more likely to have schizophrenia, because of cold and increased likelihood of viral infections
population density: denser populations have increased likelihood of schizophrenia
Term
dopamine hypothesis
Definition
overactivity of dopamine synapses (linked with mesolimbic pathway) can cause schizophrenia symptoms
dopamine antagonists can alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia
dopamine agonists can produce/increase positive symptoms
Term
short-term effects of dopamine treatments
Definition
parkinsonian symptoms: slowness of movement, lack of facial expression, general weakness
Term
long-term effects of dopamine treatments
Definition
tardive diskinesia: permanent, involuntary movements of face/neck; caused by supersensitivity from blockage of dopamine
Term
brain abnormalities of schizophrenia
Definition
larger ventricles (neural death), smaller hippocampus, less activity in frontal lobe
Term
Hypofrontality Hypothesis
Definition
less activity in frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is linked with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
hyperactivity of nucleus accumbens is linked with positive symptoms of schizophrenia
treatments stimulate prefrontal cortex by increasing glutamate, increase GABA in mesolimbic pathway to inhibit Dopamine release
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
experience of panic attacks; initiation of fight-or-flight symptoms with nothing to use them for
Term
anticipatory anxiety
Definition
fear of future panic attacks
physiological symptoms of panic attack occur before actual panic attacks
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of being in public, likely because of fear of next panic attack occurring
Term
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
constant unease and worrying, "free floating" anxiety; is co-morbid
Term
co-morbid
Definition
disorder that is commonly diagnosed with other anxiety disorders
Term
phobic disorder
Definition
intense fear of an object, place, etc
fear is normal, but when phobias prevent you from living your life
Term
treatment for Panic disorder, GAD, Phobia
Definition
GABA agonists: remove aversive stimulus (anxiety)
serotonin agonist: SSRI
classical conditioning: break association between stimulus and fear via exposure therapy
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
obsessions: unwanted thoughts
compulsions: unwanted behaviors
Term
treatment for OCD
Definition
lesions: cingulatomy or capsulotomy
deep brain stimulation: into basal ganglia (compulsive part of brain)
drugs: SSRIs
classical conditioning: systematic desensitization
Term
cingulotomy
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and limbic system
treatment for OCD
Term
capsulotomy
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
treatment for OCD
Term
trichotillomania
Definition
compulsive pulling of hair
Term
onychophagia
Definition
compulsive biting of fingernails
Term
acral lick dermatitis
Definition
dogs compulsively licking fur
Term
dopamine hypothesis
Definition
overactivity of dopamine synapses (linked with mesolimbic pathway) can cause schizophrenia symptoms
dopamine antagonists can alleviate positive symptoms of schizophrenia
dopamine agonists can produce/increase positive symptoms
Term
short-term effects of dopamine treatments
Definition
parkinsonian symptoms: slowness of movement, lack of facial expression, general weakness
Term
long-term effects of dopamine treatments
Definition
tardive diskinesia: permanent, involuntary movements of face/neck; caused by supersensitivity from blockage of dopamine
Term
brain abnormalities of schizophrenia
Definition
larger ventricles (neural death), smaller hippocampus, less activity in frontal lobe
Term
Hypofrontality Hypothesis
Definition
less activity in frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is linked with negative symptoms of schizophrenia
hyperactivity of nucleus accumbens is linked with positive symptoms of schizophrenia
treatments stimulate prefrontal cortex by increasing glutamate, increase GABA in mesolimbic pathway to inhibit Dopamine release
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
experience of panic attacks; initiation of fight-or-flight symptoms with nothing to use them for
Term
anticipatory anxiety
Definition
fear of future panic attacks
physiological symptoms of panic attack occur before actual panic attacks
Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of being in public, likely because of fear of next panic attack occurring
Term
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Definition
constant unease and worrying, "free floating" anxiety; is co-morbid
Term
co-morbid
Definition
disorder that is commonly diagnosed with other anxiety disorders
Term
phobic disorder
Definition
intense fear of an object, place, etc fear is normal, but phobias prevent you from living your life
Term
treatment for Panic disorder, GAD, Phobia
Definition
GABA agonists: remove aversive stimulus (anxiety)
serotonin agonist: SSRI
classical conditioning: break association between stimulus and fear via exposure therapy
Term
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Definition
obsessions: unwanted thoughts
compulsions: unwanted behaviors
Term
treatment for OCD
Definition
lesions: cingulatomy or capsulotomy
deep brain stimulation: into basal ganglia (compulsive part of brain)
drugs: SSRIs
classical conditioning: systematic desensitization
Term
cingulotomy
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and limbic system
treatment for OCD
Term
capsulotomy
Definition
severing connection between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
treatment for OCD
Term
trichotillomania
Definition
compulsive pulling of hair
Term
onychophagia
Definition
compulsive biting of fingernails
Term
acral lick dermatitis
Definition
dogs compulsively licking fur
Term
brain abnormalities of OCD
Definition
increased activation in amygdala, cingulate gyrus, basal ganglia
Term
brain abnormalities of Panic Disorder, Phobias, GAD
Definition
increased activation in amygdala, cingulate gyrus, thalamus
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