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Bio-Psych Test 1
Nervous System/Neuronal Anatomy and Communication
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/16/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Transverse/Coronal Plane
Definition
Splits the brain from front to back, and shows the Dorsal and Ventral side of the brain.
Term
Sagital Plane
Definition
Slices the brain from the right and left side.The Dorsal and ventral view of the brain.
Term
Horizontal plane
Definition
Slices the brain from top and bottom, "horizontally". Shows the Rostral and Caudal view  of the brain.
Term
Meninges
Definition

Protective layers covering the CNS.

Starting with Dura mater,arachnoid membrane, subarchanoid space,Arachnoid trabeculae, Pia mater,(Brain).

Term
Ventricles
Definition

Openings in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

-Lateral Ventricles

-Third Ventricle

-Fourth Ventricle

Term
Cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
Made by the choroid plexus, composed of ependymal glial cells which produce CSF.
Term
Where does Cerebrospinal fluid?
Definition
Flows from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd Ventricle to the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle.It enters the subarachnoid space.
Term
Neural Tube
Definition
Hollow tube along the back of the embryonic cell mass. It develops in the CNS, and forms 3 ventricles at the rostral end.
Term
Ventricular zone
Definition
The tissue surrounding the Ventricles, and becomes the Forebrain, Mid-brain, and Hindbrain.
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.
Term
Three functional types of neurons
Definition

-Sensory Neurons,Motor neurons,Interneurons.

Sensory Neurons:Bring info into the CNS from the periphery.

Motor Neurons:Carry information from the CNS to the periphery.

Interneurons:Entirely within the CNS,relay messages between neurons.

Term
Three neuronal structures
Definition

-Multipolar neuron: 1 axon, several dendritic trees.Motor and interneurons.

-Bipolar Neuron (a) :1 axon, 1 dendritic tree.Sensory.

-Unipolar neuron: 1 axon, sensory.

 

Term
Glial Cells
Definition

Glial cells support neural function.

-Store and provide nutrients

-Support and protect the neurons

-Provide insulation for neuronal signals

-Keep the brain clean.

 

Term
Astrocytes (Glial cell)
Definition

-Arms wrap around blood vessels and neuronal structures.Nourishment and support.

-Isolate the synaptic Cleft.

-Maintain chemical composition of extracellular space.

-Clean up cell death by 

-Phagocytosis

-Glial scars

 

Term
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwan cells
Definition

Provide nourishment and insulation in the form of the Myelin Sheath.

-Mylein

-Nodes of Ranvier

Term
Glial Cell Types
Definition
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwan Cells, and Microglia.
Term
Microglia
Definition

Brain's immune system:

-Protects against foreign microorgainsms

-Produce inflammatory response to damage and disease.

 

-Smallest glial cells.

Term
Blood-Brain Barrier definition and function?
Definition

Composed of tightly -packed cells of the cerebral blood vessels.

-Regulates entry into the CNS from the blood.

-Protects the brain from toxins.

-Semipermeable:some molecules can sneak in.

-Toxins reach the area postrema.

-Sex hormones reach areas controlling sexual functions/development.

Term
The withdrawal reflex
Definition

1. Sensory neuron detects the pain stimulus.

2.Message is sent to the terminal buttons in the spinal cord.

3.Message is passed to an interneuron inside the spinal cord.

4.Interneuron passes message to a motor neuron.

5. Motor neuron sends a message to contract the muscle.

Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
The difference in the electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell ( across the membrane).
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition

The inside of a neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside.

-Varies by neuron (50mv--80mv)

-The cell is polarized= negative direction

 

 

 

Term
Inside/Outside the cell
Definition

Outside the Cell: positively charged sodium (Na+) ions and negatively charge Chloride Cl-.

Inside the Cell:Positively charged potassium (K+) ions and negatively charged organic anions.

Term
Threshold of Excitation
Definition
Term
A concentration gradient
Definition
Pulls the ions towards the membrane.
Term
Electrostatic Pressure
Definition

Also pulls ions towards the membrane.

-Negative interior attracts positively charged ions.(Keeps Cl- out)

-Positive exterior attracts negatively charged ions. (Pushes out K+)

Term
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Definition
The balance between potassium and sodium ions in and out of the neuron is maintained by the sodium/potassium pump.
Term
All or None Law
Definition

An action potential either occurs or it doesn't.

-Magnitude is always the same.

-Once initiated, the action potential travels down the axon without diminishing in strength.

Term
Rate Law
Definition

The strength of a response depends on the firing rate of the cell.

-Friring rate measured as the number of action potentials within a period of time (seconds).

Term
Saltatory Conduction
Definition

-In a myleinated axon, teh electrical charge is passively conducted down the axon between nodes.

-At each Node of Ranvier ,sodium enters and the

depolarizes.

  • Increases the speed of transmission.
  • Decreases the energy needed to pump sodium out of the cell.

Term
What does action potentials depend on?
Definition
On the sodium influx from the extracellular fluid.
Term

What happens when sodium enters the Node of Ranvier?

 

Definition

-The membrane depolarizes( because Na+).

-Increases the speed of transmission of action potential (adults vs. child cognitive process, because we have gotten all our mylein.)

-Decreases the energy needed to pump sodium out of the cell(saves energy).

-Action potential Opens Sodium channels and moves all the way down the axon.

Term
Within neuron communication
Definition
-Chemical signal
Term
Between neuron communication
Definition
-Chemical signal (Synaptic transmission).
Term
Synaptic Transmission
Definition
-Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synapse and bind to the postsynaptic neuron.
Term
Where do we find receptors?
Definition
On dendrites or the soma (Cell body).
Term
Presynaptic membrane
Definition

-On the terminal button of the axon.

-Contains vesicles carrying neurotransmitter (NT info).

-Transporter molecules

Term
Postsynaptic membrane
Definition

-On the dendrite, soma, or axon.

-Contains receptors

Term
Forebrain
Definition

-Telencephalon

  • Cortex
  • Limbic System
  • Basal Ganglia

-Diencephalon

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

Term
Tegmentum
Definition

 

-Located on the ventral mesencephalon.

-Reticular formation:arousal.

-Periaqueductal grey area: Pain, species specific  behavior.

-Substantia Nigra

-Ventral Tegmental area

 

Term
Tectum
Definition
Term
Steps 1 Action Potential
Definition

-Chemical messages from other neurons affect the neurons charge.

 

  • Depolarizations are called Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)=Increase the charge in a neuron.
  • When the cell is depolarized to it's threshold , and action potential occurs.

 

Term
step 2 Action potential
Definition

-Hyperpolarizations are called inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)

  • Decrease the charge in the neuron.

Term
Step 4 action Potential
Definition

-K+ is forced out of the cell, which decreases the charge inside the cell and K+ channels close.

-K+ ions trapped outside of the cell result in temporary hyper-polarized membrane potential.

Term
Step 5 Action potential
Definition
-Ion channels reset and te Na+/K+ pump returns the ions to the normal gradients.
Term

Binding sites (Neurotransmitter binding)

 

Definition

_Specialized regions on the postsynaptic receptor molecules.

-Uniquely shaped

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