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Definition
bacteria, archaea
unicellular, no nucleus (DNA in region called nucleoid), cell wall |
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Definition
| long whip-like projections for swimming |
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| thread-like structures projecting from the surface, help bacteria adhere to other cells |
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| kills bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall |
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Definition
| inhibits the synthesis of bacterial proteins and kills bacteria by selectively acting on the bacterial ribosome |
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Definition
| unicellular or multicellular, have nucleus, larger than prokaryotes (10-100x), have organelles, cytoskeleton, endomembrane system |
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Definition
largest organelle, has DNA, bounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope)
fairly rigid bc under inner membrane is a strong meshwork of filaments called the nuclear lamina |
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Definition
| inside nucleus, not membrane bound, location of genes for making rRNA, place where ribosomes are partially made |
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| channels to enable passage of selective macromolecules into and out of the nucleus |
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| protein fibrils on the nuclear side of the pore |
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Definition
processes and transforms energy, produces ATP
mediates programmed cell death (apoptosis)
enclosed by double membrane, has cristae, inner membrane has ATP synthase (for making ATP) |
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Definition
shelf-like structures on the inner membrane of mitochondria
(outer membrane is smooth and serves as a barrier) |
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| innermost compartment of mitochondria, contains ribosomes and DNA |
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Definition
double membrane
found only in plants and protists
photosynthesis and storage |
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Term
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Definition
organelles found in higher plants and some protists that carry out photosynthesis
bound by 2 membranes: smooth outer, highly folded inner |
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Definition
stacks of membrane sacks (thylakoids)
thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| inside region of chloroplasts, contains DNA and ribosomes |
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Definition
| organelles filled with red, yellow, orange pigments, synthesize and store pigments- attractant for pollinating insects |
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| depots for synthesis and storage of starch and fats-- located in roots and non-photosynthetic tissues |
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Definition
vesicles containing digestive enzymes, part of intracellular digestive system
breakdown macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, and bacteria) |
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| lysosomes unable to degrade certain membrane glycolipids, which accumulate abnormally in the lysosomes within brain cells |
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Definition
| granular or crystalline interiors, contain enzymes for destroying toxic peroxides (like hydrogen peroxide) |
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storage of toxic waste materials (may be distasteful or poisonous for predators), storage of food and nutrients, provides stiffness
contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists aid in water balance |
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Definition
storage of toxic waste materials (may be distasteful or poisonous for predators), storage of food and nutrients, provides stiffness
contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists aid in water balance |
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Definition
functions in cell structure and movement
-actin filaments/ microfilaments
-microtubules
-intermediate filaments |
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Term
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Definition
assemble and disassemble by noncovalent, reversible, addition/loss of actin monomers at the ends of the filaments (assembly at one end, disassembly at minus end) NO DIFFERENT CHARGES
determine cell shape, cell movement |
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| bundles of actin filaments, help keep cells elongated |
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Definition
| stableactin bundles projecting from the cell surface, increases the cell's surface area |
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Definition
| places where the actin cytoskeleton attaches to the cell membrane |
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Definition
hollow tubes made of tubulin dimers, have plus and minus end
occur in mitotic spindles, cilia, flagellae
function: cell shape, cell movement
carry out dynamic instability and treadmilling |
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Definition
| switching between growth and shortening at microtubule ends |
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Definition
| growth at plus ends and shortening at minus ends |
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Definition
where microtubules are organized
also called microtubule organizing centers
found near the nucleus and consist of a stable pair of centrioles that is surrounded by an ill-defined pericentriolar matrix |
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Definition
| enzymes that use ATP to create movement, make microtubules slide past each other which causes bending (Cilia and flagella) |
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very stable, used for support
nuclear lamins (support nucleus, attachment points for DNA), keratin filaments (skin, hair), neurofilaments |
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Definition
| phospholipid bilayer, contains and holds contents of the cell, selectively blocks passage of some molecules from one side to the other, and permit passage of others |
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Definition
permits crossing of molecules that can dissolve in/ cross through the lipid portion of the membrane
flow is with concentration gradient, no energy required
water can pass through imperfections in lipid bilayer, lipid-soluble uncharged molecules can diffuse through |
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Term
| carrier mediated diffusion |
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Definition
transported molecules are helped by receptor proteins/carriers in the membrane that can bind to the molecule
no energy required, with concentration gradient |
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Definition
| carriers use ATP to pump molecules against concentration gradients, transport only goes one way |
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Definition
| transport one substance in one direction |
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Definition
| transport 2 different substances in the same direction |
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| transport 2 different substances in opposite directions |
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| when active transport channels are blocked by either chemical substances or voltage differences across the membrane |
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process by which complex molecules, large particles, bacterial cells, and water can enter cells
involves formation of membrane vesicles- part of plasma membrane forms around particle and brings it into cell |
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Term
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Definition
| large particles and small cells are engulfed inside vesicles |
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Definition
| cell drinking, cells take up water into vesicles |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
macromolecule binds to receptor on the cell surface forming a coated pit, clathrin surrounds vesicle
vesicle sometimes fuses with a lysosome, which digests contents of vesicle (ex: LDL endocytosis) |
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Term
| familial hypercholesterolemia |
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Definition
| absense of a functional LDL receptor prevents cholesterol from entering the cells, and it accumulates in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secretory vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane, vesicle contents are dumped out side the cell |
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Term
| endomembrane (internal membrane) system |
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Definition
dense network of closed membrane tubules, closed vesicles, and closed sacs
sequesters molecules in the cytoplasm into membrane vesicles or sacs, transports sequestered molecules from place to place in the cytoplasm, moves sequestered molecules into and out of the cell, chemical modification of sequestered molecules |
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| divides cytoplasm inside and outside membrane sac/vesicle space |
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Definition
| close to the nucleus, ribosomes are attached to the outside of membranes, injects proteins into internal space |
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Definition
| no ribosomes, contains metabolic enzymes |
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stacked series of flattened membrane sacks- for modifying proteins, carbohydrates
cis (in section), medial (middle section), trans (out section) |
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| strong fibrous network between cells that holds cells together to form tissues and organs, made in cells and then secreted to the outside, made of large glycoproteins, e.g. collagen |
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Definition
| strong and thick, extracellular structure, maintains cell rigidity |
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Definition
| helps cells adhere to each other, facilitates communication between cells and facilitates or blocks transport of molecules between cells, extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| bar the movement of dissolved materials through the space between epithelial cells, do not allow movement of membrane proteins inside the membrane bilayers themselves |
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Definition
| link adjacent cells tightly but permit materials to move around them in the intercellular space |
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| let adjacent cells communicate, permits passage of large molecules between 2 cells, made of special connecting protein channels that can open and close called connexons |
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Definition
cell division in prokaryotes, bacterial chromosome is usually attached to cell mbembrane at the ori
after the DNA replicates, the attachment points of the 2 chromosomes move apart as the cell elongates, making new membrane-taking the rest of the chromosome along
cells pinch off in the center, forming 2 cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mitosis (chromosome separation) |
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| control the eukaryotic cell cycle, place phosphate groups on various targets that are cell cycle control molecules |
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| RB, type of childhood cancer, RB's normal function is to inhibit the cell cycle in G1 at the restriction point, when RB gets phosphorylated bt the G1-S cyclin-cdk, it becomes inactive and the cell can progress into S (if kinases are active at wrong times, can lead to cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins complexed with DNA, together they compose chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| basic histone-DNA unit, beadlike, DNA wound around a core of 8 histone molecules |
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Definition
| special histone protein, clamps DNA onto histone core |
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Definition
| short stretch of DNA linking nucleosomes |
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| each copy of DNA, 2 chromatids held together at centromere |
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Definition
| where 2 chromatids are held together |
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Definition
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Definition
| display of all the chromosomes of an organism |
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Definition
| process used by eukaryotic cells to separate the chromosomes when they divide into 2 daughter cells, 2 identical chromatids of each chromosome in the parent cell separate from each other- one goes to one of the daughter cells and the second goes to the other daughter cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoskeleton breaks down, endomembrane system is dispersed, chromatin condesnes to the mitotic chromosome form, centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus and become the 2 poles of the mitotic spindle (spindle poles) |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear envelope breaks down, kinetochore forms at the centromere of each chromatid, microtubules attach to the chromosomes which can now move to build the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes aligned at metaphase plate (center of the spindle), building of mitotic spindle is completed
metaphase checkpoint- surveillance checkpoint, cell is ensuring that the spindle is fully formed and is set to go |
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Term
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Definition
| cohesin proteins holding the 2 chromatids of each chromosome together are destroyed, one of the chromatids of each duplicated chromosome moves to one pole, and the other chromatid moves to the opposite pole |
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Term
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Definition
| cleavage furrow or cell plate forms, spindle microtubules disassemble, nuclear envelope re-forms around the cluster of chromosomes at each pole, chromosomes de-condense to the interphase form |
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Definition
| extend from the poles to kinetochore |
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Definition
| extend from the poles toward the opposite poles |
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Definition
| extend from the poles away from the spindle in an aster-like formation |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules cast out from poles with plus ends leading, hook onto a chromosome at the kinetochore of one of its chromatids, sister kinetochore gets hooked by a microtubule from the opposite pole, more microtubules become attached and the highly dynamic microtubules and motor molecules move the chromosome to the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes move to the poles, microtubule disassemble at the poles and the motors positioned at the poles pull in the microtubules |
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Definition
| elongating microtubules push apart the poles |
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Definition
| cell cleavage, works by combination of actin filament shortening and myosin-motor activity (as in muscle contraction) |
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Definition
| cells that have 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
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Definition
| cells that have only one complete set of chromosomes |
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| homologous chromosomes (homologs) |
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Definition
| the pairs of chromosomes that match up (one from each parent), contain same genes but not identical |
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Definition
| when an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm cell |
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Definition
| occurs during meiosis as egg cells and sperm cells are formed and when egg cells and sperm cells combine to form the new individual |
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Definition
| zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle (protists, fungi, and some green algae) |
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Definition
| games are the only haploid cells in the life cycle (animals, brown algae, some fungi) |
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Definition
| 2 homologs of each pair become attached to each other in a process called synapsis (called bivalents or tetrads) |
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Definition
| genetic recombination occurs between chromatids of 2 homologs, results in reciprocal exchange of DNA- causes the re-assortment of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate with the tips of the homologs attached to each other, the kinetochore of one homolog is attached to one pole, the kinetochore of the other homolog is attached to the opposite pole |
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Term
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Definition
| one entire homolog with its 2 chromatids goes to one daughter cell, the other homolog goes to the other daughter cell, this is the stage in which the cells go from the diploid (2n) to haploid (1n) state |
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Term
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Definition
usually follows immediately after meiosis I without DNA synthesis
2 chromatids of each remaining chromosome separate from each other, and they go to opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
starting cell is a germ cell (2n) which in males divides by mitosis to form a spermatogonium (2n), this cell then divides by mitosis to form 2 2n primary spermatocytes
then each primary spermatocyte divides by meiosis I to produce 2 haploid (n) secondary spermatocytes
then 2 secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis II to produce four haploid (n) spermatids
finally, 4 spermatids differentiate into 4 mature haploid sperm cells (spermatozoa) |
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Definition
| only 1 daughter cell becomes egg, rest are polar bodies that die |
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Definition
| secretory vesicle in head of the sperm |
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Definition
| in sperm, contains a mitochondrion that supplies ATP to power the dynein required for microtubule sliding and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| in sperm, contains 9+2 arrangement of microtubules and the motor molecule dynein |
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Term
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Definition
| acrosomal enzymes digest the jelly coat |
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Term
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Definition
bindin binds to bindin receptors on egg, cortical vesicles are expelled from egg by exocytosis and dump contents between vitelline envelope and plasma membrane, fertilization envelope lifts and hardens around the egg, which produces the slow permanent block to polyspermy
sperm and egg nucleus unite -> diploid state |
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Term
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Definition
| cell cleavage and organization of the body plan |
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Term
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Definition
| organogenesis (development of the organ systems |
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Definition
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Definition
| cells at the early stages |
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Definition
| solid ball of blastomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage that shows development of form, have cavity called a blastocoel |
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Definition
| (becomes distinct during gastrula stage), outermost layer that develops into nervous system, skin, hair, nails |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer, which develops into the skeletal system, bones, heart, kidneys, blood vessels) |
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Definition
| innermost layer, which develops into the respiratory tract, liver, pancreas, and gut |
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Definition
| body plan is produced, organ systems begin to form |
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