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Definition
| molecules that have same chemical formula, but different arrangement |
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Definition
| breakdown of polymers -> monomers, H2O split up and added to monomers |
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Definition
| catalytic proteins that speed up biochemical reactions |
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Definition
| recognize and respond to non-self substances |
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Term
| hormonal/regulatory proteins |
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Definition
| control physiological processes (insulin) |
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Definition
| receive and respond to molecular signals from outside and inside organism |
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Definition
| store amino acids for later use |
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Definition
| provide stability and movement |
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Definition
| carry substances w/i organism (hemoglobin) |
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Term
| genetic regulatory proteins |
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Definition
| regulate when, how and to what extent a gene is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| right-handed coil that turns in same direction as standard wood screw |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from 2 or more polypeptide chains that are almost completely extended and aligned |
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Definition
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Definition
| nice folded form of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| phospholipid bilayer serves as a lake where proteins float |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic transformation of eukaryotic cells by DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that has taken up DNA |
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Term
| semiconservative replication |
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Definition
| each new copy of DNA has one strand from original copy after replication |
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Term
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Definition
| add nucleotides to growing chain |
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Term
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Definition
| links okazaki fragments together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RNA --> amino acid sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze synthesis of RNA from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
-A (amino acid site where charged tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon, lining up correct AA to growing chain
-P (polypeptide site) where tRNA adds amino acid to polypeptide chain
-E (exit) where uncharged tRNA resides before being released from ribosome and going back to cytosol to pick up another AA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cutting of polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of sugars to proteins to form glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of phosphate groups to proteins, and is catalyzed by protein kinases |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in body cells, not passed on to children |
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Term
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Definition
| occur in cells that give rise to gametes, passed on to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| don't affect protein function |
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Term
| loss of function mutations |
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Definition
affect protein funcion
usually recessive, as one functional allele will still produce a working protein |
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Term
| gain of function mutation |
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Definition
leads to protein with altered function
usually dominant, as normal allele doesn't stop mutant from functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| only display phenotypes under restrictive conditions (ie. high temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
| results from gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| can change position/orientation of DNA segment, or cause segment to be duplicated or simply lost |
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Term
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Definition
| things that cause mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic code changed so that one AA is switched with another in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a stop codon to form in mRNA --> short proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| result from insertion/ deletion --> screwed up codon reading |
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Term
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Definition
-bases can have 2 structures, rare structure pairs with wrong base
-bases may change bc of chemical reaction
-DNA polymerase can make errors in replication
-meiosis not perfect |
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Term
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Definition
-chemicals can alter bases
-some chemicals add groups to bases
-radiation damages genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| totality of chemical reactions |
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Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy is neither created nor destroyed |
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Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| disorder tends to increase |
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Term
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Definition
| break down reactants, release energy (exergonic reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
| make a single product out of many smaller reactants, consume free energy (endergonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive, non-amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic ions such as copper, zinc, and iron that bind to certain enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive, non-amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic ions such as copper, zinc, and iron that bind to certain enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon-containing molecule that is required for the action of one or more enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| control their activity by changing shape |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when effector molecule binds to site other than active site --> enzyme changes shape |
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