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Bio of Drugs Test 2
Biology of Drugs- cardiovascular, GI, morphine, etc.
178
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Undergraduate 4
10/03/2017

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Term
What was the first ever chemical compound isolated from plants?
Definition
Morphine
Term
Papaver somniferum
Definition
Opium poppy (species name)
Term
Opium poppy is an _______ grower.
Definition
Annual
Term
What part of opium poppy is extracted to make drugs? Where can this be found in the plant and what is the primary source of extraction?
Definition
- The alkaloid rich latex is extracted to make drugs
- The alkaloids are found in all tissues but are primarily extracted from the capsule fruit of opium poppy
Term
True/False: The opium poppy plant is not native to the U.S. but is grown here.
Definition
True
Term
What are some uses of poppy?
Definition
Poppy seed oil, food, drugs, teas, etc
Term
How was heroin originally introduced and for what?
Definition
Heroin was introduced by Bayer as a "non-addictive" substitute for morphine/ cough medicine. However it was 6x more addictive and was taken off the market after 20 years.
Term
What country is the world leader in opium supply and who controls these fields?
Definition
Afghanistan, The Taliban
Term
Where does the U.S. get most of it's opium from?
Definition
Mexico and Columbia
Term
What is the difference between opiates and opioids?
Definition
Opiates are the compounds naturally produced by the plant (alkaloids). Opioids are compounds that act like opiates and bind to opioid receptors in the body ( includes opiates, semi-synthetic + synthetic drugs, endogenous opioids)
Term
What alkaloid of opium poppy is used to treat smooth muscle spasms?
Definition
Papaverine
Term
What opium poppy alkaloid is used to synthesize oxycodone (an analgesic)?
Definition
Thebaine
Term
What is the strongest/most addictive opium poppy alkaloid?
Definition
Morphine
Term
What alkaloid is used as an alternative to morphine because it was less addictive?
Definition
Codeine
Term
True/False: Prescription opioid use is less prevalent now than it was 20 years ago.
Definition
False. We use opioids more often now.
Term
Are men or women more likely to use opioids?
Definition
Women- and mostly people above 40.
Term
How do we collect the alkaloid-rich latex from the poppy fruits?
Definition
The fruits are scored when they are still immature and the latex weeps out and is later collected.
Term
What amino acid is used to start morphine biosynthesis and where does it come from?
Definition
The process begins with Tyrosine, which is produced during photosynthesis.
Term
Describe the process of morphine biosynthesis.
Definition
- Begins with Tyrosine, goes through enzymatic reactions
- Produce Reticuline, goes through enzymatic reactions
- Produces morphinone and codeinone which then produce the final product of morphine
Term
What two alkaloids are produced from Tyrosine?
Definition
Morphine and Codeine
Term
Locally within the opium poppy plant where does morphine biosynthesis take place?
Definition
It begins in the sieve elements (floem) and then most is transferred into the laticifers (cells that produce latex) and stored.
Term
What alkaloid is morphine made from? What other way can morphine be produced?
Definition
-Codeine
-Morphine doesn't have to be made via the Tyrosine pathway. it can be produced from thebaine -> oripayine -> morphinone-> morphine
Term
What is morphine's mechanism of action? What does this mean?
Definition
Morphine is an agonist, meaning it binds directly to receptors, activates them, and causes response.
Term
Where in the body are opioid receptors located?
Definition
CNS- brain, brain stem, spinal cord
Term
What are the three types of known opioid receptors? Which is most important?
Definition
- Mu, Kappa, Delta
-Mu is most important
Term
What are effects of the opioid receptors being activated?
Definition
Analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, constipation, anxiety, physical dependence
Term
Which opioid receptor is morphine most active at? What about codeine and hydromorphone?
Definition
All are most active at Mu
Term
Codeine only binds at _____ receptors.
Definition
Mu
Term
Where specifically are Mu receptors located? What is their effect?
Definition
Membrane of neuronal cells
They affect the reward/pain system
Term
What are the four main actions of morphine?
Definition
Sedation (coma at high doses), euphoria (main reason for abuse), analgesia, and respiratory depression (apnea)
Term
How does morphine (and heroin) lead to a release of dopamine? What is dopamine associated with?
Definition
- Morphine binds to Mu and blocks release for GABA receptors, leading to a release of dopamine
-Dopamine is associated with reward/motivation
Term
Who does morphine act as an analgesic?
Definition
Morphine reduces the activity of nociceptors, or sensory nerves that respond to damaging stimuli by sending signals to the CNS. When nociceptors can't send signals to the brain, we don't feel the pain.
Term
What prescription forms of morphine are available?
Definition
Injectable, oral, immediate and controlled release tablets, suppositories
Term
What drug class is Morphine? What prescription forms are available?
Definition
Narcotic analgesic (schedule II)
Injectable, oral solution, immediate release tabs, controlled release tabs, suppositories
Term
What is methadone used for?
Definition
It is used to ween people off of drugs such as heroin because it doesn't have as many severe side effects.
Term
What is the difference between the oral availability, half life, and duration of action in morphine and methadone?
Definition
Morphine has a much smaller bioavailability. It also has a much shorter duration of action and half life.
Term
What is the difference, for example, between nasal entry of morphine versus oral admin?
Definition
Morphine given nasally goes directly to the brain. Given orally is must pass through intestinal track and make its way to the brain so much of it is broken down into other compounds.
Term
What are some side effects of morphine?
Definition
Physical dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, sedation, cognitive impairments, gastrointestinal effects, histamine effects
Term
What is the treatment for opioid acute intoxication?
Definition
Treatment is to decrease mortality (chance of death). Usually give Naloxone, an antagonist which prevents further opioids from binding.
Term
What are the functions of the GI tract?
Definition
Digestion, secretion (enzymes, saliva, etc), absorption, motility
Term
What are the three sections of the GI tract?
Definition
Foregut, midgut, hindgut
Term
What organs comprise the foregut?
Definition
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Term
The small intestine and large intestine are both a part of which section of gut?
Definition
Midgut
Term
The hindgut is comprised of?
Definition
Large intestine, rectum, and anus
Term
Where does the bulk of digestion occur? What else occurs here?
Definition
In the small intestine and it also performs a lot of absorption
Term
The stomach does not so much perform digestion, but rather is responsible for________.
Definition
Food storage
Term
What does GERD stand for? PUD?
Definition
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Term
What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and what is its role in GERD?
Definition
The LES prevents acid and pepsin from coming up and into the esophagus. Decreased tone of the LES leads to GERD.
Term
What are the acute symptoms of GERD?
Definition
Heart burn (chest pain) and regurgitation when lying down
Term
What are some symptoms of chronic GERD and what is most concerning about this?
Definition
Cough, shortness of breath, esophageal ulceration and stricture, Barrett esophagus (change in epithelium to match stomach)
There is a MAJOR risk for cancer, particularly with Barrett esophagus (adenocarcinoma)
Term
What are the four methods of treatment for GERD?
Definition
All are acid suppressors:
-Histamine (H2) Antagonists
-Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
-Prostaglandin analogs
-Muscarinic antagonists
Term
What is the earliest historic reference to cancer and where does the name come from?
Definition
The earliest references date back to ancient Egypt with cases treated by cautery. The name "cancer", meaning crab, was described by Hippocrates because of its invasive projections.
Term
What is the second leading cause of death in the US?
Definition
Cancer
Term
What percentage of the US population is diagnosed with cancer? What is the deadliest form of cancer?
Definition
Over 25% of population is diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime. Lung cancer is the most deadly form.
Term
What are some cellular hallmarks of cancer?
Definition
-Growth without control (proliferation due to loss of tight control on cellular growth)
-Evasion of apoptosis
-Sustained angiogenesis (continued blood supply)
-Tissue invasion and metastasis
-Self sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Term
Who is the Father of Chemotherapy and how was it discovered?
Definition
Farber- Was experimenting with drug that interfered with folic acid metabolism necessary for DNA replication.
During WWII, mustard gas was developed and found to work against lymphoma. It damages the DNA of cancer cells.
Term
The mammalian CV system is _______ and the lymphatic system is ______.
Definition
Closed, open
Term
Explain how blood pressure (P=QR) works.
Definition
P is equivalent to blood pressure.
P equals the resistance of blood to the the lumen diameter( R) x the flow of blood through the lumen (Q).
Term
Blood pressure is an analog of ______.
Definition
Electric current
Term
MAP stands for___________ and is equivalent to?
Definition
Mean arterial pressure
It is equivalent to blood pressure, systolic over diastolic
Term
Explain CO= SV x HR
Definition
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Term
What is the clinical term for high blood pressure?
Definition
Hypertension
Term
What action of morphine is directly related with mu receptor agonism?
Definition
Respiratory depression
Term
What may be given to help with opioid withdrawal?
Definition
Methadone, buprenorphine, clonidine to help with detox
Term
What are two methods of treating opioid addiction?
Definition
Total abstinence oriented or opioid agonist maintenance
Term
Match the receptor (Mu, Kappa, Delta) with its effects:
1. Tolerance, anxiety, depression
2.Analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation, constipation, dependence
3. Analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, dependence, anxiety, depression
Definition
1. Delta
2. Mu
3. Kappa
Term
Drugs ending in -tidine are a part of what drug group?
Definition
H2 Receptor Antagonists
Term
Describe the mechanism of action for Histamine (H2) Receptor antagonists?
Definition
Reversible H2 antagonist -> decrease in cyclic AMP -> decrease in proton pump activity
Term
What group does the drug Cimetidine belong to? What does it treat? What are some other drugs that belong to the same group?
Definition
Histamine Receptor Antagonists
Prescribed for GERD, PUD
Famotidine, etc.
Term
Drugs ending in -prazole belong to what drug group and treat?
Definition
Proton Pump Inhibitors( PPIs)
Treatment for PUD, GERD (even severe), gastritis
Term
What drug group is Omeprazole a part of? What is this groups MOA?
Definition
PPIs
They cause irreversible H+/K+ proton pump inhibition on gastric parietal cells
Term
What is rebound gastric acidosis?
Definition
When a patient stops use of a PPI (for example), the body rebounds by producing tons of acid and the issue can be worse than before
Term
What are some potential side effects of PPIs?
Definition
Parietal cell hyperplasia, rebound gastric acidosis, pneumonia, hip fracture, increased risk for Clostridium difficile
Term
What group of people is Misoprostol contraindicated for? Why?
Definition
Pregnant women because it is an abortifacient, inducing labor/miscarriage
Term
What is typically prescribed for NSAID-induced PUD?
Definition
Prostaglandin analogs, like Misoprostol
Term
What is the MOA for muscarinic antagonists? What is one example of this drug type?
Definition
They decrease Ca2+ in gastric parietal cells.
Atropine
Term
What are the effects of muscarinic antagonists?
Definition
Dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, etc. due to their anti-muscarinic effects
Term
Why are muscarinic antagonists not used very often?
Definition
Their are superior drugs with fewer side effects available.
Term
Calcium carbonate is what kind of drug? What is the more common name?
Definition
Antacids, TUMS
Term
What is the MOA for antacids?
Definition
They neutralize stomach acid which is already present. Only temporary/mild relief.
Term
What are some issues with continued antacid use? Explain.
Definition
1. Hypokalemia (low K+)- When we use antacids to lower our bodily acid, our kidneys don't produce base to neutralize. They retain H+ at the expense of K+, resulting in low potassium.
2. Drug Chelation- binding and preventing absorption of other drugs
Term
What does PUD stand for?
Definition
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Term
What is the most common kind of ulcer?
Definition
Duodenal ulcer
Term
If the pain of an ulcer is worse after eating, what kind is it? If the pain is soothed by eating?
Definition
Worse: Gastric Ulcer
Better: Duodenal Ulcer
Term
Continuous use of NSAIDS (like ibuprofen) can lead to what GI issue? Why?
Definition
Gastric ulcer
They decrease prostaglandin production leading to ulceration
Term
What bacterium is often associated with the formation of gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Definition
H. pylori
Term
What type of drugs are used as anti-emetics?
Definition
5-HT3 Antagonists, D2 Antagonists
Term
What does Ondansetron treat? How?
Definition
Ondansetron is an anti-emetic. It decreases activity in CTZ by decreasing serotonin (5-HT3).
Term
What is Scopolamine used for? What drug class does this belong to?
Definition
It is used as a patch for motion sickness. It belongs to the anticholinergic group.
Term
What is an example of a pro-emetic that works by stimulation of the CTZ?
Definition
Syrup of Ipecac
Term
What is the MOA of bulking agents? Osmotic laxatives?
Definition
Increased stool mass and volume
Draw water into colon to stimulate peristalsis
Term
What is Lubiprostone used for? What is its MOA?
Definition
It is used as a laxative.
MOA: Lubricates colon, pumps chloride ions into the colon, water follows
Term
Why is diarrhea hard to treat?
Definition
The cause of diarrhea is very hard to determine as their is such a broad range of potential causes. (drugs, nutrition, IBS, allergy, etc.)
Term
What drugs are known for causing constipation and are therefore used to treat diarrhea?
Definition
Opiates
Term
Why is Loperamide the opiate of choice for treating diarrhea?
Definition
It is peripherally restricted and cannot cross the blood brain barrier so it has a very low abuse risk.
Term
MAP = ____ x TPR
Definition
CO
Term
What are the inputs and outputs in regulation of the CV system?
Definition
Inputs are from afferent nerves and humoral agents, integrated in brainstem.
Outputs adjust heart, vascular and kidney functions (efferent).
Term
What is the number one cause of death in Americans?
Definition
Heart disease
Term
What is angina?
Definition
Chest pain
Term
What is an atheroma?
Definition
Fatty streak within an artery
Term
What is atherosclerosis and how does it occur?
Definition
It is a stiffening of the arteries.
Reduces the diameter of the lumen, can induce blood clot- due to plague, cholesterol, etc.
Term
Why are high levels of HDL cholesterol associated with lower risk of atherosclerosis?
Definition
HDL (good cholesterol) and their lipoproteins transport lipids back to the liver for catabolism.
Term
High concentrations of LDL is associated with?
Definition
Increasing severity of cardiovascular disease.
Term
How are apolipoproteins an example that all cholesterol is not bad?
Definition
They help transport HDL and are important for health because of some of their benefits (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.)
Term
What is Lovastatin? What does it do?
Definition
It is a statin- up regulates liver LDL uptake and reduces circulating LDL levels. (reducing cholesterol biosynthesis leads to increases in LDL receptors)
Term
What is the term for chronically elevated hypertension without a known cause?
Definition
Essential hypertension
Term
Sympathetic nerve activity increase is directly proportional to ____________.
Definition
Hypertension increase, of all kinds
Term
Diurnal BP pattern "dippers" are known to have a greater chance of what? Why is this problematic in drug administration?
Definition
Stroke
Antihypertensives are typically taken in the AM, after rising. The BP surge when rising occurs at the same time as treatment and the medication taken the previous day may be less effective.
Term
T/F: A natural product is still considered such even if it can be made by total synthesis.
Definition
True
Term
What are some examples of natural products?
Definition
Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals,etc.
Term
T/F: Our drug pipeline still primarily consists of things from nature.
Definition
True
Term
What are some sources of variation in snake venom?
Definition
The type of snake, age, geographical location
Term
Why do snakes have voluntary control over how much venom they release?
Definition
They utilize careful titration because venom is very metabolically expensive to make.
Term
What is the only appropriate method of treating a snake bite?
Definition
Using an anti-venom
Term
Where do venom components come from?
Definition
The venom comes from mutated body proteins within the salivary gland (ex: a heart gene which mutates and when turned on causes crardiotoxic effects)
Term
What is ACE? Where is it produced? What is its function?
Definition
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
In the lungs
To convert Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Term
Snake venoms are often used to make what kind of drug? What are some examples of this type of drug?
Definition
ACE inhibitors
Captopril, Enalopril
Term
Where is angiotensin produced? Where is renin produced? What is their interaction?
Definition
The liver
The kidney
Renin converts Angiotensin to Angiotensin I.
Term
What are some effects of Angiotensin II?
Definition
increase in sympathetic activity, retention of NaCl + water, excretion of K+, increase in blood pressure
Term
What effect do ACE inhibitors (like in snake venom) have?
What could these be used to treat?
Definition
They cause a very rapid drop in blood pressure.
They make great hypertension medications.
Term
What are the steps in column chromatography?
Definition
Fractionation, testing for activity, determining the structure of the activated peptide
Term
What group of people worked the structure of of ACE in order to determine specific sites of inhibition and synthesize it?
Definition
Medical chemists
Term
What ACE inhibitor peptide was first found to be most effective and then synthesized? Why didn't it work?
Definition
Teptrotide
It wasn't orally available
Term
What was the first clinical ACE inhibitor on the market? (first blockbuster ACE inhibitor)
Definition
Captopril
Term
What are some medical uses of ACE inhibitors?
Definition
Hypertension treatment, cardiac failure, renal disease, systemic sclerosis, diabetic nephropathy
Term
Drugs ending in -pril belong to what group?
Definition
ACE inhibitors
Term
T/F: There are no other sources for ACE inhibitors aside from snake venom.
Definition
False- there are other sources but they don't work as well
Term
What is bioprospecting?
Definition
The process of discovery + commercialization of new natural products.
Term
What are four kinds of natural product isolation that can be done at home?
Definition
1. Distillation- water or oil
2. Extraction- using alcohol as solvent
3. Alcohol distillation
4. Pressing- mechanical manipulation
Term
What are the 7 antihypertensive agents?
Definition
Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, Ang II Receptor blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers, Beta Blockers, Alpha-adrenoceptor drugs, vasodilators
Term
How do diuretics work?
Definition
They act on the kidneys to increase urine output, therefore lowering cardiac output as there is a lower stroke volume (less blood volume with less water).
Term
What are the three types of diuretics? Examples?
Definition
1. Thiazides- Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), block pump
2. Loop diuretics- Furosemide, sodium potassium pump block
3. K+ Sparing Diuretics- Amiloride, Spironolactone
Term
Losartan is an example of what kind of drug? How does this work?
Definition
It is an Angiotensin II blocker which works as an antihypertensive. By decreasing the effects of Angio II, we have a decrease in TPR and MAP.
Term
Nifedipine, Minoxidil, and Nitroglycerin are examples of what kind of antihypertensives? Which one not only works as an arterial dilator but also as a venous dilator (vasodilator)?
Definition
They are Ca2+ channel blockers
Nitroglycerin also acts as a vasodilator.
Term
What drug acts to inhibit alpha 1 adrenoreceptors? What effect does it have?
Definition
Prazosin
Antihypertensive
Term
Clonidine is what kind of drug? How does it work?
Definition
A2 agonist (antihypertensive)
It decreases sympathetic outflow
Term
What are some examples of Beta blockers? What are they used to treat?
Definition
Propanolol, Metoprolol
They treat cardiac failure
Term
Which beta blocker is contraindicated in asthmatics? Which is cardioselective so it can be used in asthmatics?
Definition
1. Propanolol
2. Metoprolol
Term
What are Milrinone and Digoxin used for?
Definition
To treat heart failure
Term
Why is chemotherapy not as effective as antibiotics?
Definition
Selective toxicity, our immune system, diagnostic complexity
Term
Explain how chemotherapeutic agents follow first order kinetics or log kill phenomenon.
Definition
A given dose of the drug kills a constant fraction of the cells with each administration. Usually needs to be given 4-5 times in order to kill all of the cells.
Term
What is intrathecal? Why do we use this for chemo administration sometimes?
Definition
To give a drug intrathecally is to admin directly to the spinal fluid. We give chemo this way so it can target cells which are hiding in the brain.
Term
What is pharmacologic sanctuary?
Definition
Some leukemic cells will escape and hide within the brain where conventional chemo cannot reach them.
Term
What are some common issues associated with chemotherapy (why does it fail)?
Definition
Pharmacologic sanctuary, resistance, toxicity to selves
Term
In what phase of the cell cycle will cells not respond to drugs because they are "resting"?
Definition
G0
Term
How do antimetabolites interfere with cell proliferation to work as a chemotherapy agent?
Definition
The can compete with binding sites or can be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA or RNA (which can be problematic). They can do so because they are structurally similar to endogenous chemicals.
Term
What phase of the cell cycle do antimetabolites work at?
Definition
S phase
Term
What are the three types of antimetabolites?
Definition
Folic acid analogues, pyrimidines, purines
Term
Methotrexate is what kind of drug?
Definition
It is an antimetabolite belonging to the folic acid analogues group.
Term
What role does folic acid play in cell replication?
Definition
It plays a pivotal role in purine and thymidylate synthesis which are both essential to the process.
Term
What is Methotrexates MOA? What is it effective against? What is one drawback?
Definition
MOA: Inhibits dihydrofolate reeducate, the enzyme which converts folic acid to active form (tetrahydrofolic acid).
It is effective against Burkitt lymphoma, lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer and choriocarcinoma.
It can become polymerized in the DNA. It is also given orally and very toxic against GI walls.
Term
What is typically given in conjunction with methotrexate to counteract some if its toxic effects? Why?
Definition
Leucovorin (folinic acid)- a tetrahyro derivative of folic acid which is used to rescue normal, proliferating cells from the toxic effects.
Works by replenishing folic acid pools.
Term
What are examples of methotrexate resistance?
Definition
1. Increased intercell dihydrofolate reductase levels.
2. Decreased affinity of dihydrofolate reductase for methotrexate.
3. Reduced methotrexate transport into cells
Term
Antimitotics, a chemotherapeutic agent, work by? What are the two types?
Definition
Interfering with cell division (M PHASE!)
Vinca alkaloids and taxanes
Term
Paclitaxel is what kind of a drug? What is it effective against?
Definition
Taxane, used as chemotherapy
Used against lung, ovarian, breast cancer
Term
What chemotherapeutic agent works by stabilizing/polymerizing the microtubules so that there may be no chromosomal desegregation?
Definition
Paclitaxel
Term
How do antibiotics interfere with cell proliferation to act as chemotherapeutic agents?
Definition
They can intercalate with DNA, inhibit Topo I + II, produce free radicals and are not typically cell cycle specific.
Term
What are the two types of antibiotics used in chemo? Which is cell specific ?
Definition
Anthracyclines and Bleomycin
Bleomycin is cell specific
Term
Which chemo drug is remarkable bright red and known for its cardiotoxicity?
Definition
Doxorubicin
Term
What is the MOA for Doxorubicin? What is it effective against?
Definition
Inhibition of Topo II so DNA remains supercoiled and dies.
Used for breast cancer, lymphomas, acute lymphocytic leukemia
Term
What are some examples of hormones being used as chemotherapeutic agents?
Definition
-Breast cancer that is estrogen dependent
-Can be used in tumor growth regression (estrogen being used to treat advanced prostate cancer)
Term
What hormonal agent is the first line of treatment in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer?
Definition
Tamoxefin
Term
T/f: In order for Tamoxefin to be effective, the patients do not need to be tested for SERM (estrogen receptors) first.
Definition
False. They must have these receptors or it will not help.
Term
Which drug used in targeted therapy directly targets the extracellular domain of HER2 growth receptors and is therefore used to fight breast cancer?
Definition
Trastuzumab
Term
What is the most modern form of cancer therapy?
Definition
Gene therapy- modulate the immune system to attack cancer cells
Term
Humphrey Osmond was a drug pioneer in what class of drugs?
Definition
Psychomimetics. Created "psychedelics"with Alvis Huxley.
Term
The earliest fossil remains depicting hallucinogens show what and where?
Definition
The San Pedro Cactus and found in Peru
Term
When was the "golden age" of psychedelics research?
Definition
50s-60s (CIA MKULTRA, etc.)
Term
What ended the golden era of psychedelics?
Definition
Richard Nixon signed controlled substances act- LSD became a Schedule 1 drug
Term
What are the three classes of hallucinogens?
Definition
Indole (Serotonin)- LSD, psilocybin, DMT
Catechole- Mescaline, MDMA
Dissociative anesthetics- PCP, ketamine
Term
What is synesthesia?
Definition
Blending of the senses
Term
What are catechole structures similar to?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
Where does mescaline bind?
Definition
The serotonin 5HT2 receptors- although it has a low affinity for them so it is less potent.
Term
What are some effects of mescaline?
Definition
lasting about 10-12 hours, hallucinations, rise in temp, anxiety, pupil dilation
Term
What is MDMAs MOA?
Definition
MDMA acts on the serotonin transporters (SERT) to release large amounts of serotonin into the synapse. It is also an agonist at the 5HT-2 receptors in CNS.
Term
What is one potentially fatal condition associated with MDMA overdose?
Definition
Serotonin syndrome- huge cascade of serotonin leading to tachycardia, muscle degredation, death. etc.
Term
What are the sought after effects of MDMA? Negative effects?
Definition
Euphoria, increased perception of closeness, hallucinations, increased physical activity
Negative: Jaw clenching, anxiety, insomnia, paranoia
Term
What structure are indoles similar to?
Definition
Serotonin
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