Term
| Karyotyping vs. Pedigree Analysis |
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Definition
Karyotyping: a display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell arranged by size and centromere position.
Pedigree Analysis: A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations. |
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Term
| Syndromes: Down vs. Turner vs. Klinefelter |
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Definition
Down: Extra Chromosome (21)
Turner: Individual only has x chromosome; results in infertile female.
Klinefelter: individuals have atleast two x chromosomes and 1 y chromosome; results in male with extra x chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| event during cell division in which a chromosome pair fails to seperate, passing both to the daughter cell. (homologous) |
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Term
| Deletion vs. Duplication vs. Inversion vs. Translocation |
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Definition
Deletion: type of mutation where a fragment of a chromosome is lost
Duplication: mutation when a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister chromitad or homologous chromosome
Inversion: a fragment attaches to the original chromosome but in reverse direction
Translocation: the attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a mom homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone who carries a gene but doesn't express it. |
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Term
| Cystic Fibrosis vs. Achondroplasia vs. Huntington's Disease vs. Alzheimer's Disease |
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Definition
Cystic Fibrosis: thick mucus in the lungs (recessive disorder)
Achondroplasia: dwarfism (dominant disorder)
Huntington's Disease: disorder in nervous system that does not appear til later in life (lethal dominant disorder)
Alzheimer's Disease: mental deteriation (dominant disorder) |
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Term
| Aminocentesis vs. Chronic Villi Sampling vs. Ultrasound |
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Definition
Aminocentesis: step in fetal testing where physician sticks a needle into uterus.
Chronic Villi Sampling: step in fetal testing where physician extracts tissue sampling from the placenta
Ultrasound: uses sound waves to take pictures of fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
Heredity: biological process where genetic factors are passed form one generation to the next.
Genetics: the study of heredity |
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Term
| Blending vs. "Particulate" Theory |
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Definition
Blending: mixing two variations of the same trait together. (colors)
"Particulate" Theory: traits are inherited like particles are genes. |
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Term
| Self-Fertilization vs. Cross-Fertilization |
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Definition
Self-Fertilization: fertilization by the union of male/female gamets from the same individual
Cross-Fertilization: fertilization from one plant to another. |
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Term
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Definition
Pure Breeding: crosses between identical homozygotes
Hybrid: Crosses between two different varieties. |
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Term
| "P" vs. "F1" vs. "F2" Generations |
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Definition
"P" Generation: refers to true-breeding parental plants.
"F1" Generation: refers to the offspring of "P" generation plants
"F2" Generation: refers to the offspring produced by self-fertilizing plants. |
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Term
| Allele vs. Gene vs. Locus |
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Definition
Allele: Alternative version of a gene
Gene: unit of heredity (with DNA) that is transmitted from one generation to the next.
Locus: Area on a chromosome where a particular gene is located |
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Term
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Definition
Dominant: The expressed allele
Recessive: the non-expressed allele |
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Term
| Homozygous vs. Heterozygous |
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Definition
Homozygous: two identical alleles
Heterozygous: two different allels |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows all the results of random fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
Genotype: Genetic make-up
Phenotype: expressed traits |
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Term
| Allele Segregation vs Independent Assortment |
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Definition
Allele Segregation: the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes
Independent Assortment: RRYY vs. rryy breaks down into RR rY Ry ry vs RY rY Ry ry (9:3:3:1 Ratio) |
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Term
| Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid vs. Testcross |
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Definition
Monohybrid: Parental Plants differ in one character.
Dihybrid: (Independent Assortment)
RRYY vs. rryy yeilds a 9:3:3:1 ratio Punnent square.
Testcross: Mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive to determine phenotype. |
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Term
| Incomplete Dominance vs. Codominance |
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Definition
Incomplete Dominance: When the appearance falls between the two parents phenotypes (Pink flower)(Aa derived from AA, aa)
Codominance: the expression of both alleles |
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Term
| Pleiotropy vs. Polygenetic Trait |
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Definition
Pleiotropy: The control of morethan one phenoypic characteristic by a single gene.
Polygenetic Trait: the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene suppresses of "dominated" a different genes, rather than an allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait of female mammals due to inactivation of one X chromosome in every cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trick for equalizing the "dose" of X genes in XX vs. XY individuals |
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Term
| Crossing Over (Genetic Recombination) |
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Definition
| The Mechanism that "breaks linkages" between genes. Exchange of corresponding segments between two homologous chromosomes. |
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Term
| Parental vs. Recombinant Phenotypes |
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Definition
Parental Phenotype: C and E or c and e, either both recessive or both dominant.
Recombinant Phenotype: DNA molecule carrying genes derived from two or more sources |
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Term
| Linkage vs. Chromosome Map |
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Definition
Linkage: Genes located close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
Chromosome Map: Finding Chromosome Relations |
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Term
| Sex Chromosomes vs. Autosomes |
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Definition
Sex Chromosomes: X and Y chromosomes
Autosomes: the other 22 pairs of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| How sex-linked (X chromosome) genes are passed from parent to daughter. |
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Term
| Mutant Allele vs. Wild-Type Allele |
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Definition
Mutant Allele: Allele differing from the standard allele.
Wild-Type Allele: The non-mutant form of a gene. (Generally the dominant allele) |
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Term
| 3:1 vs. 9:3:3:1 Ratios of Phenotyepes |
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Definition
3:1 Ratio: RRYY vs. rryy breaks down into RY and ry only. (Dependent Assortment)
9:3:3:1 Ratio: RRYY vs. rryy breaks down into RR rY Ry ry vs RY rY Ry ry (Independent Assortment) |
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Term
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Definition
Pyrimidense: single ringed strictures such as thymine and cytosine
Purines: larger double ringed structures such as Adenine and guanine. |
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Term
| DNA vs. RNA (4 Differences) |
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Definition
DNA: Double Stranded, carries information for making protiens, four bases (argenin, cytosine, guanine, and thymine), and the sugar is deoxy ribose.
RNA: Single Stranded, copies code from DNA, caries to ribosomes to make protines, thymine is replaced by uracil, sugar is just ribose |
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Term
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Definition
| Shape of DNA; presence of two strands. |
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Term
| Replication vs. Transcription vs. Translation |
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Definition
Replication: The process of duplicating the DNA to make two identical copies
Transcription: transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA molecule
Translation: the transfer of the infromation in the RNA into a protein. |
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Term
| Complementary vs. Template |
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Definition
Complementarity: The base pairs in DNA and RNA are complementarity to their matching bases. uses mrna as a template
Template: the strand to be copied. |
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Term
| Unwinding vs. Pairing vs. Joining |
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Definition
Unwinding: Double strand DNA untwists to pair with nucleotides
Pairing: Nitrogenic bases pair with complementary bases.
Joining: the two bases join to form two new identical molecules of DNA
(Replication) |
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Term
| DNA Polymerase vs. RNA Polymerase vs. Ribosome |
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Definition
DNA Polymerase: enzyme responsible for DNA
RNA Polymerase: enzyme responsible for RNA
Ribosome: enzyme that assists in making protiens |
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Term
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Definition
Promoter: a specific bonding site for RNA polymerase and determines which of the two stands of the DNA double helix is used as the template in transcription.
Terminator: signals the end of the gene, detaches itself from the RNA molecul and the gene. |
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Term
| Triplet Code vs. Codon vs. Anticodon |
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Definition
Triplet Code: a set of three nucleotide long words that specify the amino acids for poly peptide chains
Codon: a specific sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a strand of DNA or RNA that specifies the genetic code information for synthesizing a particular amino acid
Anticodon: the opposite base that binds to the codons. |
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Term
| Initiation vs. Elongation vs. Termination |
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Definition
Initiation: first phase of transcription where the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promotor and the start of RNA sequence.
Elongation: second phase of transcription, RNA peels away from its DNA template allowing the two DNA strands to come back together.
Termination: the third phase of transcription where the RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of bases in the DNA template. |
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Term
| Genetic Code vs. Redundancy of the Code |
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Definition
Genetic Code: the set of rules giving the correspondence between codons in RNA and amino acids in proteins.
Redundancy of the Code: allows transcription to properly continue even if one fails. |
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Term
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Definition
mRNA: the kind of RNA that encodes amino acid sequences that conveys genetic information from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell.
tRNA: molecular interpreter that converts the three letter words of nucleic acids to the one letter, amino acid words of proteins.
rRNA: makes up ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Mutation: Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Mutagen: a physical or chemical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| Desease in the blood caused by a mutation in which one base pair is changed in the DNA (T is changed to A) |
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Term
| Missense Mutation vs. Nonsense Mutation vs. Frameshift Mutation |
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Definition
Missense Mutation: Base substitution which converts one amino acid into another.
Nonsense Mutation: converts an a. a. into a stop codon, causing a truncated protein.
Frameshift Mutation: base insertion or deletion, which shifts the reading frame. |
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Term
| Gene Expression vs. Cellular Differentiation |
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Definition
Gene Expression - The overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
Cellular Differentiation - Cells becomes specialized in structure and function during development. |
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Term
| Operon vs. Operator vs Promoter vs. Repressor |
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Definition
Operon - Cluster of genes with related functions, along with a promoter and an operator
Operator - Determines whether RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter and start transcribing the genes.
Promoter - Where the transcription enzyme attaches and initiates transcription.
Repressor - protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA which codes for a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
Inducer - Sugar molecule which binds repressor protein
Enhancer - Enhances the production of proteins at a distance |
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Term
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Definition
Histone - Small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in chromosomes
Nucleosome - The bead-like unit of DNA packing that consists of DNA wound around a protien core made op of eight histone molecules. |
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Term
| Exon vs Intron vs Splicing |
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Definition
Exon - A coding portion of a gene
Intron - In eukaryotes, a non expressed portion of a gene that is excised from the RNA transcript
Splicing - Type of regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
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Term
| Benign vs Malignant Tumor vs Metastasis |
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Definition
Benign Tumor - an abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
Malignant Tumor - An abnormal tussue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other pats of the body
Metastasis - the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. |
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Term
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Definition
Oncogene - a cancer causing gene
Carcinogen - A cancer causing agent either high-energy radiation or a chemical. |
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Term
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Definition
RFLP's - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - When SNPs alter a restriction site, changing the lenghts of the restriction fragments fomr by that enzyme when it cuts the DNA.
PCR - Polymerase Chain Reaction - a specific segment of a DA molecues can be targeted and quickly amplified in a test tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a particular individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared (developmental) origins: (1) clitoris = penis; (2) labia = scrotum. |
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Term
| Ovary vs Oviducts (L/F) vs Ovulation |
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Definition
Ovary - Where the female eggs and some hormones are made and stored.
Oviducts - Fallopian tubes - the tubes that use cilia to sweep an egg through into the uterus
Ovulation - When an egg is released form the ovaries. |
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Term
| Follicle vs Corpus Luteum (L/F) |
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Definition
Follicle - The layers of cells that protect, nourish, and surround a developing egg. They also produce estrogen.
Corpus Luteum - What the follicle grows into after ovulation (a solid mass) (secretes estrogen and progesterone) |
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Term
| Uterus vs. Cervix vs. Vagina vs. Clitoris vs. Barthonlin's Gland (L/F All) |
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Definition
Uterus - The actual site of pregnancy.
Cervix - The narrow neck at the bottom of the uterus and opens to the vagina.
Vagina - The thin-walled but strong muscle that serves as the birth canal. Secretes Mucus
Clitoris - Sole purpose is arousal and engorge with blood making it large.
Barthonlin's Gland - |
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Term
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Definition
Embryo - stage in development from the first division of the zygote until the body structures begin to appear. (around the 9th week)
Fetus - From the 9th week until birth. |
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Term
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Definition
Testes - gonads that are housed outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum
Scrotum - Keeps the testes cool enough to function properly. |
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Term
| Epididymis (L/F) vs. Ejaculation |
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Definition
Epididymis - a coiled tube that holds the sperm while they develop. (In the scrotum)
Ejaculation - the explosion of sperm containing fluid from the penis |
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Term
| Vas Deferens vs. Urethra (L/F) |
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Definition
Vas Deferens - Passes upward in the abdomen and loops around into the urinary bladder using muscles to propel it.
Urethra - conveys both urine and sperm out through the penis |
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Term
| Seminal Vesicle vs. Prostate vs. Bulbourethral Gland (L/F) |
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Definition
Seminal Vesicle - Secrete a thick fluid that contains fructose which provides the sperm with energy. (Behind bladder)
Prostate - Secretes a thin fluid that thurther nourishes the sperm (Between the bladder and bulbourethral gland)
Bulbourethral Gland - Secrete a clear, alkaline mucus (between the prostate and weiner) |
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Term
| Seminiferous Tubules (L/F) |
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Definition
| Tubes where the sperm develops located in the testes. |
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Term
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Definition
Ducts - Tubes
Glands - Tissues that secrete fluids, including hormones |
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Term
| Spermatoginic Cells vs. Intersititial Cells |
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Definition
Spermatoginic Cells
Intersititial Cells - secrete testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone made in testis which causes male sexual traits. |
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Term
| Menstrual Cycle vs. Menstruation |
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Definition
Menstrual Cycle - The synchronization of hormones in the uterus that react with the ovarian cycle.
Menstruation - Uterine bleeding that persists for 3-5 days. |
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Term
| Releasing Hormone vs. FSH vs. LH |
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Definition
Releasing Hormone - Secreted by the hypothalamus - regulates secretion of LH and FSH by pituitary.
FSH - released by pituitary - stimulated growth of ovarian follicle
LH - pituitart - stimulates growth of ovarian follicle and production of secondary oocyte; promotes ovulation; promotes development of corpus luteum and secretion of hormones. |
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Term
| Estrogen vs. Progesterone (WM/WD) |
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Definition
Estrogen - Secreted by ovarian follicle - low levels inhibit pituitary; high levels simulate hypothalamus; promotes endometrium
Progesterone - secreted by corpus luteum - maintain endometrium; high levels inhibit hypothalamus and pituitary; sharp drops promote menstruation. |
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Term
| Morphogenesis vs. Differentiation |
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Definition
Morphogenesis - Shaping
Differentiation - Process of cellular specialization |
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Term
| Cleavage vs. Gastrulation vs. Neurulation |
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Definition
Cleavage - a rapid succesion of cell divisions that produces a ball of cells from the zygote.
Gastrulation - cells take formation that allow later formation of all the organs and tissues.
Neutulation - after gastrulation when the backbone begins to form. |
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Term
| Blastula vs. Blastocoel vs. Blastopore vs. Blastocyst |
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Definition
Blastula - a larger vacity surrounded layers of cells (a hollow ball) formed after cleavage.
Blastocoel - fluid filled cavity that forms in the center of the embryo.
Blastopore - small grove on the blastocoel that signifies gastrulation.
Blastocyst - 6 days after conception hollow sphere of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of cleavage when an embryo can be split into twins or fused into "chimeras" |
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Term
| Ectoderm vs. Mesoderm vs. Endoderm (And what the form) |
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Definition
Ectoderm - epidermis of skin; epithelial lining of mouth and rectum; sense of receptors in epidermis; cornea and the lens of eye; nervous system.
Mesoderm - skeletal system; muscular system; circulatory system; excretory system; reproductive system; dermis of skin; lining of body cavity.
Endoderm - epithelial lining of digestive tract; epithelial lining of respiratory system; liver; pancreas; thyriod; parathyroids; thymus; lining of urethra; urinary bladder; and reproductive system. |
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Term
| Notochord vs. Neural Plate vs. Neural Tube |
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Definition
Notochord - extend for most of the embryos length and provides support for other developing tissues. forms backbone
Neural Plate - a thickened region of the ectoderm that folds up and forms the neural tube
Neural Tube - becomes the brain and spinal chord. |
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Term
| Inner Cell Mass vs. Trophoblast vs. Chorion vs. Endometrium vs. Placenta |
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Definition
Inner Cell Mass - Mass in the blastocyst that forms the baby
Trophoblast - Outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that secretes enzymes that enabled the blastocyst to implant in the endometruim
Chorion - surrounds the embryo and other extraembryonic membranes. becomes part of the placenta where it becomes part of gas exchange.
Endometrium - the uterine lining
Placenta - the organ that provides nourishment and oxygen tothe embryo and helps dispose of its metabolic wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism by which one group of cells influences the development of an adjacent group of cells. |
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Term
| Chorionic Gonadotropin vs. Oxytocin (WM/WD) |
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Definition
Chronic Gonadotropin - Maintains production of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first few months of pregnancy
Oxytocin - Stimulates the smooth muscles in the wall of the uterus, producing a series of strong rhythmic contractions characteristic to labor. |
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