Term
Evolution
Natural Selection
Adaaptation |
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Definition
Change in frequency of traits in a population
Cause of Change
Increase in fitness of population to its environment |
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Definition
| Trait capable of being selected |
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Definition
| Community of species in regions of the Earth |
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Definition
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Definition
| DNA gives off ; arbitrary |
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Definition
| Imaginary lines running East to West determines how much sun hits an area |
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Definition
| weather or change in an atmosphere. [snow, rain, hot, cold] |
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Term
| Tropics vs Temperate Zones |
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Definition
equator, greatest annual input, least seasonal variation in solar radiation
latitudes b/w tropics and arctic circle in N and Antarctic |
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Term
Prevailing Winds
Rain Shadow |
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Definition
combination of rising and falling of air masses
effect of little precipitation and dry descending air; causes deserts |
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Term
Element
Compound
Atom
Molecule |
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Definition
MADE OF ATOMS; single substance, can’t be broken down
MADE OF MOLECULES; 2 or more combined elements
smallest unit of matter, still an element
combination of atoms bonded to each other. [chemical bond] |
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Term
Protons
Nuerons
Electrons
Atomic Nucleous |
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Definition
Positive Particle
Nuetral Particle
Negitive Particle
atom’s central core |
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Term
Isotope
Isomer
Ion
inert element |
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Definition
same number of protons
same atoms arranged differently
atom with electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons.
elements the require electrons |
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Term
***Energy level (shell):
Orbital |
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Definition
| orbit or “cloud” occupied by an electron. Shaped like a sphere or dumbbell. |
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Term
Ionic
Covelent
Hydrogen Bonds |
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Definition
gives and takes electrons; intermediate strength
share a pair of electrons; strongest strength
attraction between H(+) and an atom (-) of another molecule; weaker strength H20 |
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Term
Single
Double
Polar
Non-Polar |
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Definition
monomer
polymer; 2 atoms overlap 2 orbitals to share 2 pairs of electrons.
unequal sharing of electrons
electrons shared equally between atoms. Equal pull of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Hydrocarbon
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic |
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Definition
composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Disolves in water (polar)
does not dissolve (nonpolar) |
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Term
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Definition
clusters of atoms in a molecule.
1. –OH
2. –COOH
3. –NH2
4. –PO4
5. –CH4 |
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Term
hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate group |
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Definition
bond of Hydrogen and oxygen, which turns into a carbon skeleton
carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and bonded to hydroxyl group
nitrogen->2 Hydrogens -> carbon skeleton
phosphorous -> 4 oxygen atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules ; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
large molecules formed by joining smaller molecules into chains
building block of a polymer |
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Term
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Definition
removal of water molecules
to break with water; cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| C-O-H class of molecules from small sugars dissolved in coke to large polysaccharides(starch) |
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Term
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Definition
| FAT; group of compounds that share one trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
3 fatty acids; glycerol
• An acid is a functional group that sheds hydrogen ions
• Base = functional group that adopts hydrogen ions |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain; usually 16 to 18 carbons in length |
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Term
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Definition
less than max number of hydrogens (take out H+ to form double bonds healthy)
fats with max # of hydrogens.(carbons) |
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Term
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Definition
| create a menu of chemistry twenty different types. Have both amino group and carboxyl group) |
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Term
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Definition
| large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: fatty acids and glycerol. Energy storage |
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Definition
| major components of cell membrane! Only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol not 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones! Example: cholesterol … have four rings |
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Definition
| most important role for proteins. The chemical catalysts that speed and regulate virtually all chemical reactions in a cell. |
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Term
Peptide bond
dipeptide
polypeptide |
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Definition
link
made from two amino acids
a chain of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
before true nucleus. No membrane around DNA. Evolves into eukaryotic cells. Bacteria!
true nucleus: animals plants etc. 1.5 billion years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| : little organs in the cytoplasm. Can be organized into: nucleus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
type of vesicle. Breaks down food: digestion
deals with lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| surface made of small pieces. A membrane is a mosaic in having diverse protein molecules embedded in a framework of phospholipids. Fluid in that most of these molecules can drift in membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
library; the cell’s genetic control center; contains most DNA
prominent structure of nucleus. Where RNA is synthesized according to the instructions in DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid outside the nucleous |
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Term
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Definition
| gatekeeper. Lets things in and out. |
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Definition
protects cells and help maintain shape
plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
| important organelle found in plants where photosynthesis occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| helps cell grow by absorbing water and enlarging, can store vital chemicals or waste products. Can contain poison to protect plants from predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-D spider looks like jungle. Aquires shape enables it to move, material transport, storage of vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
E.R. rough: contains “machines” (ribosome) makes proteins
E.R. smooth: no ribosomes. Makes lipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| next stage after E.R. (Rooms) packages the lipids and proteins for export (exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bags (spheres) pinch off from ER or golgi or plasma membrane. [transport and storage] |
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Term
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Definition
(power plant)
1. Contains digestive enzymes
2. Derives energy from the digestion
3. Contains DNA due to history (evolution)
4. Bacterium in disguise. |
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Term
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments |
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Definition
monomer - actin
monomer - tubulin
karotin hair |
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Term
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Definition
pearl necklace; globular protein arranged in a twisted double chain
hollow tubes composed of globular.
fibrous proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
releases energy out. Higher P.E. splits big molecule into two. Easy
consumes energy. Lower P.E. (Hard) |
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Term
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Definition
| two things going on at once |
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Term
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Definition
| powers nearly all forms of cellular work. Consists: adenine, nitrogenous base, ribose, 5-C suga |
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Term
Transition Site
Active Site
Activation Energy |
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Definition
the mid-stage of a reaction when bonds in the reactants are stretched.
where substrate fits into region of enzyme. Pocket of groove on surface of enzyme formed by a few amino acids.
the amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
proteins that function as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without Being consumed by the reaction.
nonprotein helpers. Usually inorganic. Most cofactors are vitamins!
• If organic called coenzyme.
speeds up chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of enzyme- catalyzed reactions (biosynthetic or catabolic) |
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Term
| biosynthetic (anabolic) pathways |
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Definition
| pathway that uses energy to build macromolecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic pathway that breaks down food and obtains energy |
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Term
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Definition
| rearranging of a molecules atoms, converting one isomer into another. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxidation give electrons; net charge get electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| outside mitochondrion. No oxygen. NADH left over |
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Term
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Definition
| outside mitochondrion. Only occurs if no oxygen. No atp, recycles NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| inside mitochondrion. Yes its aerobic (needs O2). Yes gets ATP. =Krebs + ETC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ionized form of pyruvic acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| inside mitochondrion. Yes its aerobic, yes it gets ATP, clearing house of fragments |
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Term
| etc electron transport chain |
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Definition
| inside, yes aerobic, yes gets ATP 32/gluc.: trick=chemosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| couple osmosis with chemistry: osmosis= ion pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that contains most organism’s DNA. Humans have 23 |
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Term
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Definition
| long thin fibers that chromosomes exist of. Combination of DNA and protein molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 mitotic chromosome = 2 chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| “central part” of chromatid. Where spindle fiber attaches. |
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Term
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Definition
| “dividing in half” reproduce prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| a mitotic phase where cytoplasm is divided into two. |
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Term
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Definition
cell grows
grows more as it completes preparation for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
DNA copied – synthesized
Mitotic phase: chromosome pulled apart
is a time when a cell’s metabolic activity is very high and the cell performs its various functions within the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibers attached to centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| two chromosomes composing a pair are called homologous because they both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
any cell with two homologous sets of chromosomes
a cell with a single chromosome set. |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid: resulting fertilized egg |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division. Grow then divide then do it again. *reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division that produces haploids gametes in diploid organisms.duplicates chromosomes. |
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