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Bio of Algae
Exam 2
89
Biology
Undergraduate 3
03/19/2010

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Term
endoreduplication
Definition
the process by which the nuclear DNA undergoes repeated rounds of replication without intervening mitotic separation, yielding DNA levels higher than the haploid or diploid state
Term
endozoic
Definition
living within an animal, usually as a parasite
Term
epicone
Definition
in dinoflagellates, the portion of the cell anterior to the cingulum
Term
epilithic
Definition
living on the surface of rocks
Term
epiphytic
Definition
an organism that grows on the surfaces of plants or algae
Term
epizoic
Definition
living on the surfaces of animals
Term
filamentous medulla
Definition
the hairlike medulla of Grateloupia, a Floridean from subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
Term
floridean starch
Definition
in red algae, a food reservoir that is different in chemical composition from starch produced in other algae... not a true starch
Term
florideans
Definition
a monophyletic group of rhodophyta; also the most divergent group of red algae
Term
floridoside
Definition
storage product in red algae believed to play important roles in carbon storage, transport, and assimilation and in the regulation of osmotic balance
Term
forcipate
Definition
in some brown algae, the appearance of claw like structures
Term
geniculated
Definition
the uncalcified, flexible regions occurring as joints between calcified, non-flexible regions of the thalli of jointed coralline red algae
Term
gonimoblast
Definition
in red algae, one or all of the filaments that produce carpospores
Term
gonimoblast filaments
Definition
spore producing filaments that develop directly or indirectly from repeated division of the zygote on the red algae
Term
haptonema
Definition
in hapophytes, a flagellumlike structure arising from the cell apex, near the flagella, that contains several microtubules; may function in attachment, feeding or avoidance responses
Term
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)
Definition
an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means
Term
heteromorphic
Definition
morphologically different algae, i.e. the male and female gametes are of different size and or morphology (found in Bonnemaisonia and Palmaria)
Term
hypocone
Definition
the portion of a dinoflagellate cell posterior to the cingulum
Term
hystrichosphere
Definition
in modern and fossil dinoflagellates, resting cysts commonly bearing distinctive projections and or markings and an excystment pore (archeophyte)
Term
inner cap
Definition
section of a pit plug located underneath the plasmalema
Term
internode
Definition
the space or section of a filament or of a thallus between nodes or joints
Term
isomorphic
Definition
sexual reproduction in which there are at least two multi-cellular stages that are morphologically similar i.e. male and female gametes are identical (found in Polysiphonia
Term
kinetoplastids
Definition
group of flagellate protozoa, found in the Englenoids, including a number of parasites responsible for serious diseases in humans and other animals, as well as various forms found in soil and aquatic environments
Term
lorica
Definition
a protective covering, often mineralized, that surrounds cells of various algae; a form of extracellular matrix that is usually more distant from the cell membrane than are the cell walls
Term
luciferase
Definition
a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein
Term
luciferin
Definition
a class of light-emitting biological pigments found in organisms that causes bioluminescence
Term
macrothallus
Definition
a stage that can be seen with the naked eye (an algae you would find in the intertidal or subtidal zones maybe in the from of a seaweed)
Term
mastigoneme
Definition
lateral bristles found on the anterior or tinsel flagellum of many heterokonts
Term
mesokaryotic
Definition
cells that contain an intermediate type of nucleus, partway between the primitive nucleoid region of the prokaryote and the complex true nuclei of eukaryotes
Term
metaboly
Definition
in euglenoids, a form of motility that does not involve flagellar action; is their ability to change shape
Term
microsources
Definition
in certain marine dinoflagellates, the particulate location of bioluminescence
Term
microthallus
Definition
a microscopic form of an algae
Term
monophasic
Definition
algae consisting of only one life or generation cycle- no alternation of generations
Term
monophyletic
Definition
used to describe a group of organisms that have descended from a single common ancestor
Term
monospore
Definition
A simple or undivided nonmotile asexual spore; produced by the diploid generation of some algae
Term
mucocyst
Definition
a saclike structure within cells of dinoflagellates and euglenoids from which a thick, rod-shaped mucilage body can be extruded to the cell surface when the organisms are disturbed
Term
multiaxial
Definition
many apical cells composed of many similar axial filaments- result of a group of apical cells growth
Term
myzocytosis
Definition
a method of feeding found in some heterotrophic organisms. It is also called "cellular vampirism" as the predatory cell pierces the cell wall and/or cell membrane of the prey cell with a feeding tube, sucks out the cellular content and digests it
Term
nanoplankton
Definition
a class of plankton consisting of organisms that are between 2 and 20 micrometers in diameter
Term
nematocyst
Definition
in certain dinoflagellates, a harpoonlike ejectile structure that is morphologically distinct from the more common trichocyst
Term
node
Definition
part of thallus that bears branches
Term
Nori
Definition
the algae Porphyra; the most common algae used for food sources
Term
nuclear associated organelle (NAO)
Definition
in red algae, a ring shaped structure that occurs at the spindle poles during cell division
Term
nucleomorph
Definition
in some algae having plastids of secondary origin (cryptomonads and chlorarachinophytes) a plastid based, double membrane enclosed structure containing DNA arranged in small chromosomes and other features suggesting origin from a eukaryotic nucleus
Term
opposite
Definition
branching directly across from each other
Term
orange body
Definition
the group of structures within pyrocystis that concentrate together and do not produce light
Term
ostiole
Definition
a small hole or opening through which algae release their mature spores
Term
outer cap
Definition
section of a pit plug located outside the plasmalema (in corraline algae it is dome shaped)
Term
pallium
Definition
a sheetlike extension of cytoplasm, also known as a feeding veil, that is produces by some phagotrophic dinoflagellates for the purpose of capturing and digesting prey
Term
paraflagellar rod
Definition
protein rod that gives more stiffness to the flagella of euglenoids in order to trap food and stab other organisms
Term
paramylon
Definition
in euglenoids, a beta-1,3 glucose polymer that occurs as granules in the cytoplasm
Term
parenchymatic
Definition
a form of body (or thallus) in which true tissues are produced
Term
acid rain
Definition
rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water
Term
acritarchs
Definition
small organic fossils
Term
agar
Definition
gelatinous substance derived from seaweed.
Term
alloparasite
Definition
referring to a parasite that has no particular relationship to its host
Term
alloxanthine
Definition
A xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Term
alveolata
Definition
protistas pitted with cell-like cavities
Term
alveolates
Definition
protists pitted with cavities
Term
alveoli
Definition
hollow cavity structure in a cell
Term
apicomplexans
Definition
large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals
Term
apomictic
Definition
of or relating to a plant that reproduces by apomixis - a seed set without fertilization
Term
auxiliary cell
Definition
a cell in the female gametophyte where the nucleus of a fertilized zygote is transferred.
Term
auxotrophic
Definition
the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth
Term
bioluminescence
Definition
luminescence produced by physiological processes
Term
biphasic
Definition
having two phases
Term
brevetoxin
Definition
a class of complex polycyclic polyethers that cause neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
Term
carpogonium
Definition
female sex organ in red algae
Term
carpogonial branch
Definition
produced by female gametophytes and bear the carpogonia (female gametes)
Term
carposporangia
Definition
sporangium in the red algae that is formed by the carposporophyte and that contains carpospores
Term
carpospores
Definition
diploid spore produced by red algae. After fertilization, the alga's carpogonium subdivides into carpospores and its nonmotile!
Term
carposporophyte
Definition
a minute plantlet or life history stage formed on the female gametophyte after fertilization, consisting of diploid gonimoblast filaments
Term
carrageenan
Definition
A food additive made from a purified extract of red seaweed, commonly used as a thickening agent
Term
carrageenophytes
Definition
are marine plants commonly known as red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) that contain carrageenan
Term
chromalveolates
Definition
A grouping of eukaryotes, of the taxon Chromalveolata, comprising the Chromista and the alveolates
Term
chrysolaminarin
Definition
a linear polymer of β(1→3) and β(1→6) linked glucose units in a ratio of 11:1
Term
ciguatoxin
Definition
Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating certain reef fishes whose flesh is contaminated with toxins
Term
cingulum
Definition
usually a furrow (girdle) encircling the cell once or several times
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition
roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behavioural processes of living entities
Term
coccolithophorids
Definition
are single-celled algae, protists and phytoplankton belonging to the division haptophytes
Term
coccoliths
Definition
A microscopic skeletal plate of calcite on the surface of certain marine phytoplankton; it forms chalk and limestone when fossilized
Term
conceptacles
Definition
pecialised cavities of marine algae that contain the reproductive organs
Term
cruciate
Definition
shaped like a cross
Term
cysts
Definition
a closed sac having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue
Term
desmokont
Definition
A dinoflagellate cell type in which two dissimilar flagella emerge from the anterior part of the cell
Term
dichotomous
Definition
divided or dividing into two sharply distinguished parts or classifications
Term
dinokonts
Definition
A dinoflagellate cell type in which two flagella are inserted ventrally
Term
dinospore
Definition
A spore produced through multiple fission of a dinomastigote
Term
ejectosomes
Definition
a cellular organelle responsible for ejecting their contents from the cell.
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