Term
| What is the central dogma of biology? |
|
Definition
| DNA is transcribed into RNA and Translated into Protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are B cells that secret antibody. |
|
|
Term
| Viruses require envelops from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does HIV break the central dogma of biology? |
|
Definition
| It turns ssRNA into dsDNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the four bases of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four bases of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA is double stranded and located in the nucleus. RNA is single stranded and located in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a bacteria with no nucleus and no membrance bound organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes are plants and animals, contains a nucleus for genetic material, and a cytoplasm for membrance bound organelles. |
|
|
Term
| What does a nuclues hold? |
|
Definition
| Genetic information in the nuclear envelop. |
|
|
Term
| When does DNA replicate itself? |
|
Definition
| Everytime a cell is divided. |
|
|
Term
| When it DNA transcribed into RNA? |
|
Definition
| DNA is transcribed into RNA on a per gene basis. |
|
|
Term
| RNA is transported where to be ‘what’ into PROTEIN? |
|
Definition
| RNA is transported to the cytoplasm to be ‘translated’ into PROTEIN |
|
|
Term
| When RNA is translated into protein, how many nucleic acids code for 1 amino acid? What carries out translation? |
|
Definition
(every 3 nucleic
acids codes for 1 amino acid, translation is carried out by the ribosome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PROTEINS are the functional products of genes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three defenses mechanisms against pathogens? |
|
Definition
1. Physical Barriers: skin, mucous membranes, and sweat (non-antigen-specific)
2. Phagocytes, anti-microbial proteins, inflammatory responses (non-antigen-specific)
3. Lymphocytes and antibodies (antigen-specific), aka. the immune system |
|
|
Term
| What are the four characteristics of the immune system? |
|
Definition
1. memory
2. specific
3. distinguishs self from non self (MHC)
4. adaptability |
|
|
Term
| How is active immunity obtained? |
|
Definition
| Active Immunity is obtained after recovery from previous infection. Through memory or artificially by vaccination. |
|
|
Term
| How is passive immunity obtained? |
|
Definition
| Though placental, breast milk transfer, or an antibody vaccine. |
|
|
Term
| About how many days does primary response take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many days does it take for secondary immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each lympocyte because of its specific B cell receptor can bind to how many antigens?
How many possibilities are there? |
|
Definition
Each lymphocyte, because of it’s specific BCR (B cell receptor) can only recognize
one antigen. Antigen binding its specific receptor activates that one specific cell out of 108 different possibilities. |
|
|
Term
| Once activated the specific B cells clones to identical effector cells which become one of two things. what are the two? |
|
Definition
Once activated the specific B cells clones millions of identical effector cells, some
become plasma (antibody producing) cells and some become memory B cells. |
|
|
Term
| If there is no T dependent antigen, what happens? |
|
Definition
| we don't get b cells. we only get the memory B cells if this is a T dependent antigen |
|
|
Term
| Cell mediated immune response involves what? |
|
Definition
a. Involves T CELLS!
b. Involves immune system recognition of antigen, system surveillance and elimination of antigen. |
|
|
Term
| What do T helper cells do? What CD do they carry? |
|
Definition
c. TH– CD4+ T helper cells, mediate the stimulation of the entire immune response (both cell mediated and humoral, full blown response)
IT does this through via cell-cell recognition and cellular signaling mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
What do T cytotoxic cells do?
What CD do they carry? |
|
Definition
d. TC- CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells, destroy infected cells, or cells tagged by an antibody for
destruction via perforin release after binding/activation |
|
|
Term
| What do supressor T cells do? |
|
Definition
e. Ts- Suppressor T cells adjust the level of immune response when appropriate
. |
|
|
Term
| How is T helper activated? |
|
Definition
TH is activated (TCR/CD4) by antigenic markers displayed on the surface receptors
(MHC II + antigen complex) of APC’s (macrophages). |
|
|
Term
What do T Helper cells do when they are activated?
What do T helper cells carry that is requires for HIV? |
|
Definition
Once activated stimulate more TH, TC, and B cells to proliferate and respond to infection.
TH cells also carry additional co-receptors, which required for efficient infection by HIV. |
|
|
Term
| Hummoral Immune Response involves what cells and how are they activated? |
|
Definition
| Involves B cells, activated fully by presentation of antigen for production of specific antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any molecule that brings about an immune response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antibodies are just large proteins that are released into the bloodstream to bind
their specific antigen wherever they find it. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of antibodies and how present are they in the blood? |
|
Definition
They can be present in 20% of the blood.
They have two functions:
1. Recognize a foriegn molecule and bind to it.
2. Assiting in the destruction and elimination of the foreign molecule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An epitope is the small piece of the antigen thats important |
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobins come in how many classes? What are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are B cells referred to as Lock and Key? |
|
Definition
B cells carry random antibody combinations such that each is specific to one antigen (lock and key), remember there are 108 different specificities! Once found, and activated, clonal selection occurs to amplify the presence of the humoral response specific to the antigen
causing infection. |
|
|
Term
| During activation/clonal selection B cells either become: |
|
Definition
i. Plasma cells, antibody producing B cells
ii. Memory cells, long lasting, surveillance cells that dictate the secondary
response (only with a T dependent antigen) |
|
|
Term
| HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE is amplified by what? and for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| This process is amplified by IL-2 which is being secreted by the T helper cells during a T dependent response. |
|
|
Term
What must happen to produce T DEPENDENT ANTIGEN RESPONSE?
What must cooperate and does this apply to HIV? |
|
Definition
a. The cooperative response involving macrophages, helper T cells and B cells, applies to HIV!
i. Must have T cell activation for proper antibody production
ii. Applies to most antigens, especially viruses
iii. Production of memory via T-dependent antigens |
|
|
Term
What does an antibody look like?
What does the binding domain determine? |
|
Definition
a. Antibodies:
i. Looks like a Y with a binding domain (variable) and an elimination domain (constant).
Binding domain determines the specific antigen it can bind. |
|
|
Term
| What two things happen with the Activation of B cell (T dependent)? |
|
Definition
Antigen binds B cell receptor, complex is internalized, then the B cell displays this complex in it’s MHC II, just like an APC
Interaction with T helper cell, then T helper’s IL-2 allows further stimulation of B cells so it begins to undergo clonal selection. Some become plasma cells, some memory. |
|
|
Term
| After full blown immune response we have lots and lots of antibodies in the blood stream, their job is to: |
|
Definition
i. Neutralize: block viral attachment, by coating free floating
come eat it up
ii. Agglutinate/Precipitate: cross link adjacent antigens on the
clumping them and tagging them for phagocytic removal |
|
|
Term
| WHat is this a picture of? Label it. |
|
Definition
|
|
