Term
|
Definition
-reproduce by binary fission
- chromosome replicates
-copied regions move to opposite ends
-bacteria grows then splits in 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell containing 1 set of chromosome (n=23) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any cell in multicellular organism except sperm or egg or precursors
*these are Diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
haploid reproductive cell (sperm/egg)
*Unite during sexual reproduction to produce diploid zygote |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes (2n=46)
*one set/parent |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of Autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Each pair of autosomes are attached at centromere and have same size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Homologous = similar but not identical DNA sequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes in Somatic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
One set of sex chromosome which determine Sex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Somatic cells are diploid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diploid cell, result of union of 2 haploid sex cells during fertilization |
|
|
Term
| What is a Synonym of Zygote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Production of sex cells
-reduction of chromosome number (Diploid to haploid) |
|
|
Term
| What restores diploid condition in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Separation of homologous chromosomes
-Has 4 phases |
|
|
Term
| Name all phases of Meiosis I |
|
Definition
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis I |
|
|
Term
| Describe each phase of Meiosis I |
|
Definition
PROPHASE: homologous chromosomes pair up, tetrad formed, Crossing over occurs
METAPHASE: Tetrads arrange at metaphase plate
ANAPHASE:separation of chromosomes, move to opposite poles
TELOPHASE: haploid set of chromosomes at each pole
sister chromatids remain linked
CYTOKINESIS: 2 haploid cells, each chromosome has pair of sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome crossing + exchange of segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
separation of sister chromatids
leads to 4 daughter cells
similar to meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the place of mixing (crossing over) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused genetic variation? |
|
Definition
| Fertilization and meiosis |
|
|
Term
| what is independent assortment? |
|
Definition
-random orientation of tetrads on metaphase plate
-50/50 chance of getting mom or dad chromosome
-each pair of chromosome is positioned independently to others |
|
|
Term
| what are possible combinations of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| 2^n (n=23 in humans so approx 8 million) |
|
|
Term
| Define random fertilization |
|
Definition
| any sperm can fuze with any egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| additional variation in genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detectable inheritance feature (eye colour) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variant of character (blue eyes, brown eyes etc) |
|
|
Term
| Define Law of Segregation |
|
Definition
| Homologous chromosomes seperate during gamete formation |
|
|
Term
| True or false: A Plant will give gametes with both P and p |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means that only one copy of gene required in diploid individual to express trait |
|
|
Term
| True or False: a Recessive Trait will only need one copy of gene to express trait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific location on chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Do two alleles segregate during gamete production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where there are two identical alleles for one gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having two different alleles for one gene |
|
|
Term
| True of False: The phenotype is not the physical expression of a gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organism's genetic makeup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Method used to determine if an organism of the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Alleles inherited together do not necessarily get passed down together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is incomplete dominance |
|
Definition
| Where the heterozygotes show an indeterminate phenotype ex: red becomes pink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Full expression of both alleles in heterozygote
ex: ABO blood group |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you transfuse the wrong blood to a person? |
|
Definition
| The antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the donor |
|
|
Term
| What is universal blood recipient and why? |
|
Definition
| AB, because no antibodies in serum |
|
|
Term
| What is universal blood donor and why? |
|
Definition
| O, because neither anti A nor anti B on red blood cells on surface so nothing to attack |
|
|
Term
| True or False: an individual can have more than two alleles |
|
Definition
| False, two is maximum amount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single gene has multiple phenotypic effects |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Epistasis is a gene present at multiple locides (locus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gene at 1 locus alters the phenotypic expression at another locus |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Additive effect of two or more genes leads to a single phenotypic character is polygenic inheritance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define polygenic inheritance |
|
Definition
| Additive effect of two or more genes leads to a single phenotypic character |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Human genetic disorders can be either recessively inherited or dominantly inherited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Disease of mucus secreting glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two reasons for recessively inherited disorders |
|
Definition
phenotype is caused by the inheritance of two recessive alleles
Allele codes for: malfunctioning protein or no protein at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of enzymes that metabolize lipids in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 examples of recessive inherited disorders |
|
Definition
Tay Sachs
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
Albanism |
|
|
Term
| What is sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
| Malformation of red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What is needed for a disorder to be dominantly inherited |
|
Definition
| At least one disease allele must be present |
|
|
Term
| Describe Huntington disease according to notes |
|
Definition
Degenerative disease of nervous system
starts around 40-50 yrs old
offspring has 50% chance of inheriting disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Males carry 2X chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can women be either homozygous or heterozygous for an X-linked trait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True Or False: Males carry only one copy of X chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Males pass down X linked genes to only daughters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Mothers can not pass down X linked gene to both boys and girls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are females protected from X linked disorders |
|
Definition
| By the presence of the second X chromosome |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Females have to inherit only one of the X linked chromosomes to express the disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some recessive X-linked disorders |
|
Definition
Colour Blindness
Haemophilia
Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
| The genes are active on the Barr Body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inactivation occurs randomly in embryonic cells |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Patches of tissue have only 1 active X chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The presence of 2 diseases alleles will lead to death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 steps in pedigree analysis |
|
Definition
1) deducing if a trait is determined by recessive or dominant allele
2) predict the occurrence of a trait in future generations |
|
|
Term
| What gave rise to the first cells on earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 stages to origin of life |
|
Definition
1) Abiotic synthesis (no lifeforms)
2)Polymer formation (proteins & nucleic acids)
3)Self-Replicating molecules (origin of heredity)
4)Aggregation of polymers |
|
|
Term
| True or False: clay is good for molecule development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name Building blocks for life (molecules) |
|
Definition
| H2O, H2, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2 & N2 |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Protobionts are supposed predecessors of living form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did 1st prokaryotes appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did 1st eukaryotes appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did 1st multicellular eukaryotes appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the cambrian explosion? |
|
Definition
| 535-525 million years ago |
|
|
Term
| When did fungi, plants and animals colonize the earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name each category of the tree of life for domain eukarya |
|
Definition
| Kingdom animalia, phylum (Cordata), Order (Carnivore), Family (felidae), Genus (panthera), Species (panthera pardus) |
|
|
Term
| What is wat to remember tree of life easily? |
|
Definition
| King Philip, Cried Out For Good Sex |
|
|
Term
| What are Bacterias that live in extreme conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 know Domains |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archea and eukarya |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Kingdom Monera includes Bacteria and archaebacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only a small amount of bacteria are Pathogenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single circular chromosome found in nucleoid region |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria reproduce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do some bacteria Form resistant cells called Endospores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Bacterias may have Flagella for motion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name functions of cell wall in bacteria |
|
Definition
| 1) structure 2) protection 3) preventions from bursting in hypotonic environnement |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Bacteria cell wall may be surounded by gelatinous capsule that protects against hosts defences? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do photoautotrophes use as energy source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Chemoautotrophes use as energy source? |
|
Definition
| oxidization of inorganic compounds |
|
|
Term
| What does the word Organic mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemohetotrophes use what as energy and carbon source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do saprobes get energy? |
|
Definition
| absoption of nutrients from dead organism |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 ways bacteria live in symbiotic relationship with a host |
|
Definition
| Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism |
|
|
Term
| True or False: obligate aerobes don't require O2 for survival |
|
Definition
| False (Use O2 for cell resp. ) |
|
|
Term
| T or F: Facultative anaerobes grow in presence of O2 and without O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obligante anaerobes are unable to grow in O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the Blending Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| people believed that genetic information of parents blended together, creating offsprings that were a genetic blend of both |
|
|
Term
| True or false: to this day, the blending hypothesis is used to explain genetic inheritance |
|
Definition
| False. it was disproven by Mendel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crossing of 2 heterozygous individuals for 1 gene
(e.g; AaXAa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crossing of 2 heterozygous individuals for 2 genes
(eg; AaBbXAaBb) |
|
|
Term
| what is the chance of a heterozygous individual of producing a gamete carrying the dominant allele for this gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phenotypes ratio of offspring being homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive when both parents are heterozygous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If mother has A blood and the father has type B blood, whant possible blood type could their children be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the mother has type O blood and the father has type B blood, what possible blood type can their children be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False, Pleitropy is a phylum that fall under kingdom protista |
|
Definition
| false. pleitropy is a non mendelian law. |
|
|
Term
| Skin color is an example of which non mendelian law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: prokaryotes did not evolve into eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how did prokaryotes become eukaryotes |
|
Definition
| through endosymbiosis, one goes into plasma mb to for golgi etc |
|
|
Term
| why is being eukaryotic good vs. Prokaryotic |
|
Definition
| Eukaryotes can have specialized organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earliest eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| Give characteristics of protists |
|
Definition
| unicellular, form colonies, some are simple multicellular, |
|
|
Term
| Where are protists found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On their modes of feeding |
|
|
Term
| Name the modes pf feeding of protists |
|
Definition
animal like (ingestive heterotrophes)
Plant like (photosynthesis)
Fungi like (absorptive heterotroph) |
|
|
Term
| What did plants on earth evolve from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: plants are multicellular eukaryotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 evidence for evolution of plants from aqutic organismes |
|
Definition
| 1. homologous chloroplast 2. cell wall containing cellulose 3. store food as starch 4. similarity in sperm structure 5. similarities in mitosis and cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bryophytes, pterophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms |
|
|
Term
| What are functions of Xylem and Phloem |
|
Definition
Xylum conducts water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
Phloem conducts nutrients throughout plant arranged into tubules |
|
|
Term
Which of the following disease is sex linked:
-cystic fibrosis
-Tay Sachs
-Sickle cell anemia
- Colour blindness
- Albinism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is huntington's disease dominant or recessive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: only one copy of the recessive allele must be inherited if it is a sex-links recessive disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Tay sachs is the absence of pigment in hair, eyes and skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Albinism is associated with impaired vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the chances of having an affected child if one parent carries huntington's disease and the other doesn't? |
|
Definition
| 50% Chance since the disease is dominant |
|
|
Term
| What are the chances of two parents (HHXHh) for huntington's of having an affected child? |
|
Definition
| 100% chance since dominant disease |
|
|
Term
| Which of the Following is Autosomal Dominant: Sickle cell anemia, Albinism or dwarfism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of human sex determination system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sex determinate system is used by grasshoppers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are male bees produced? how are females produced? |
|
Definition
Male bees come from unfertilized eggs (haploid)
Females come from fertilized eggs (diploid) |
|
|
Term
| in which sex determinate system are females carrying XX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: female birds determine the sex of their offspring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: ants have no sex chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most sex-linked disorders are carried on which chrs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colour blindness, hemophilia and duschenne muscular dystrophy are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when only one of the 2 X curs in females is expressed |
|
|
Term
| which domain has a nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Archaea have peptidoglycan in their celll walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which shape is chrs in domain bacteria and archaea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three bacteria shapes? |
|
Definition
| Spherical, Rod-shaped, Spiral |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fimbrias? |
|
Definition
| help certain prokaryotes attach to the surface of other cells |
|
|
Term
| what are flagella made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True of False: Saprobes provide oxygen to other organisms |
|
Definition
| False, chemoautotrophs do |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the method by which Facultative anaerobes produce energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major feature proving the endisymbiont theory? |
|
Definition
endomembrane systemn
organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binary fission, just like bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the earliest, simplest eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what size are algae cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protists that use flagella to move |
|
|
Term
| What do dome protists use to pump water out of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you call the mouth of a protist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Protists use sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the exchange of genetic material between 2 protists. Exchange of micronuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: plant-like protists can reproduce sexually and asexually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do fungi-like protists and fungi have in common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: fungus and animal have a common ancestor |
|
Definition
| True. this ancestor was probably flagellated |
|
|
Term
| what is the fungi cell wall made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we call the underground part of the hyphae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the major difference between septate hypha and asepta hypha? |
|
Definition
| septate hypha has speta, which divides the cells. asepta hypha lack septa. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: fungi digest nutrients before ingestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do fungi secrete in order to feed themselves? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolytic enzymes and acids |
|
|
Term
| how are fungi parasite's hyphae called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of haustoria? |
|
Definition
| to penetrate body of host and absorb its nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of mutualist fungus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fungi spores' dispersed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fungi spores produced? |
|
Definition
| asexually (under favourable conditions) or sexually (under stress conditions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fusion of 2 gametes but not their nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Lichen is an example of what type of mutualism? |
|
Definition
| between fungi+algae or fungi+cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of lichen for cyanobacteria and algae? |
|
Definition
| lichen provides a place for them to attach and grow |
|
|
Term
| What fungus is found in beer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does yeast asexually reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungus used as antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| what does mycorrhizae does to the roots of a plant? |
|
Definition
mutualism:
supplies mineral nutrients
protects from pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 adaptations to dry land that organisms from kindom plantae had? |
|
Definition
roots or root-like structures
vascular bundles
reproductive adaptations
alternation of generation
waxy cuticles
stomata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in land plants, the zygote is retained within the parent |
|
|
Term
| sporophyte is larger than gametophyte in every plant type except for? |
|
Definition
|
|
