Term
| Aspects of Terrestial Environments |
|
Definition
Small land mass (~25%)
2-D environment
No real lack of oxygen but no true water |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of Marine Environments |
|
Definition
Covered of more than 70%
3-D environment
Narrow range of temp
Tremendous biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| In Marine Biodiversity, diversity is based on... |
|
Definition
•Mode of transport (or lack of)
–Free floating (drift with currents)
–Free swimming (actively swimming)
–Attached to or buried in substrate
•Zonation (discrete regions)
–Intertidal (interface between land and sea)
–Neritic (coast or on shelf)
–Oceanic (open ocean)
–Benthic (on sea floor in shallow or deep water)
|
|
|
Term
| Main categories of Plankton |
|
Definition
-drift with current but some can swim
Phytoplankton (photo-autotrophs)
Zooplankton (heterotrophs) |
|
|
Term
| Organisms of Phytoplankton |
|
Definition
Diatoms: silicate cells
Dinoflagellets: responsible for red tides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other viruses, contributes to large portion of ocean productivity |
|
|
Term
| Three major groups of marine organims? |
|
Definition
| Plankton, Nekton, Benthic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Copepods
Krill:
Jellies
Molluscs
Polychaete worms and larvae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Algae: (KSC)
Kelps
Surf Grasses
Coralline
Animal: (SBCW)
Sponges
Bivalves
Corals
Worms
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the ocean affect light penetration? |
|
Definition
| Depth of light penetration depends on the wavelength |
|
|
Term
| Composition of seawater affects... |
|
Definition
| the way organisms deal with salt loads and excretion |
|
|
Term
| Water loss of closed mussels? |
|
Definition
| Little of no water loss[image] |
|
|
Term
| Water loss of limpet in scar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water loss of anemone among barnacles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marine organisms must stay within ___ zone. |
|
Definition
| Photic zone. (upper 200 meters) |
|
|
Term
| How do diatoms decrease density? |
|
Definition
| Using cytoplasmic oil drops from oil globules |
|
|
Term
| Increasing ____ reduces ____ rate. |
|
Definition
Increasing surface resistance
reduces sinking rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Counter shading
Disruptive Coloration |
|
|
Term
| Three Concepts for Fish Respiration |
|
Definition
Gills needed.
Counter current flow of blood and water.
Uni-directional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flimsy, delicate, need water for support |
|
|
Term
| Why do sharks "just keep swimmin, just keep swimmin..." =) |
|
Definition
-forces water over gills
-required to extract enough oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They regulate the concentration of solutes and water in the body.
-posses physical ability to modify the concentration of salt and water in their body to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They allow fluids to equilibrate with environment.
-They don't regulate salt and water concentration, but conform to environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When water moves from areas of higher concentration of water to lower concentration of water. (Molecules cannot move across barriers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-water loss and salt gain through gills
Solution:
-drink more water
-produce little urine
-spend energy to actively transport ions out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-water gain and salt loss through gills
Solution:
-don't drink water
-copious dilute urine
-spend energy to transport salts in |
|
|
Term
What is urea?
What does the rectal gland do? |
|
Definition
Urea: nitrogenic waste
Rectal gland takes in the extra salt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-they are in addition to kidney.
-used for salt excretion
-allows bird to drink salt water |
|
|
Term
| How does marine kidney differ from dry animal kidneys? |
|
Definition
Kidneys look like it's composed of smaller kidneys.
Why? Reduce the surface area of each little kidney to increase kidney ability to take in salt. |
|
|
Term
| The marine food web shows... |
|
Definition
| ..interactions between species in one trophic level within one community/ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| Type of lung that Lungfish have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two big factors that affect global climate: |
|
Definition
1.Geographic variation in average conditions
(poles are colder)
-sunlight depends on angle of globe
2. Geographic variotion in seasonality
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tropical wet forest
Sub-tropical desert
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Boreal forest
Artic tundra
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptaions of Terrestrial animals |
|
Definition
1)Metabolism, body size, and thermoregulation
2)Excretion and water/salt balance
3)Gas exchange in terrestrial environment
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(endo = inside, therm = heat) generate their own heat
–Mammals, birds, some fish (tuna & marlin) and sharks
–Higher metabolic rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(ecto = outside, therm = heat)
gain heat from the environment
–Amphibians, lizards, most fish, invertebrates, dinosaurs?
–Lower metabolic rates
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• High maintenance costs
• Less energy devoted to:
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Able to live in cold climates
• Consistently high activity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Low maintenance costs
• More energy devoted to:
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Range constrained by climate
• Activity constrained by climate
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Letting body temperature a few degrees below normal to save energy. |
|
|
Term
| Another word for extreme torpor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extremophiles are microorganisms— viruses, prokaryotes, or eukaryotes— that survive under harsh environmental conditions that can include atypical temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, nutrient, oxygen, water, and radiation level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that live in cold environments
-sea ice, artic, antartic ice packs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that live in very hot environments
-deep sea vents, volcanic lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that live in basic environments (high pH)
-soda lakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that live in very salty environments
-salt lakes, salt mines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Microbes that live in acidic environments
-sulpher springs |
|
|
Term
| Barophiles and Xerophiles |
|
Definition
Barophiles: survive under high pressure levels
(deep sea vents)
Xerophiles: survive in hot deserts
Endoliths: dwell in rocks and caves |
|
|
Term
| Evolution theories of extremophiles |
|
Definition
Consortia: symbiotic relationships (species 1 gives nutrients to species 2 to exist in extreme habiat)
Genetic drift: allele frequencies randomly changing in microbial population.
Geographic isolation: orgnaisms in isolated, extreme areas able to evolve biochemical characteristics enhance survival |
|
|
Term
| How is Earth's Atmosphere vital for life on Earth? |
|
Definition
-Blocks harmful UV radiation
-Regulate/retain heat (greenhouse effect)
-Maintain conditions like moisture content |
|
|
Term
| Features of breathable air |
|
Definition
-less dense and viscous than water
-30 times more oxygen than water
-changes with altitude |
|
|
Term
| Biomes are determined by... |
|
Definition
| plant commnity, which establishes the animal community. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total energy spending of an animal per unit time |
|
|
Term
Differential heating and cooling across the Earth’s surface creates....
|
|
Definition
–Creates instability in air movements (weather)
–Creates global wind circulation patterns
–Affects moisture delivery (i.e. latitudinal gradients)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea stars
Worms
Crustaceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Exposure to light
•Gas exchange in water medium
•Osmoregulation and excretion
•Swimming in viscous medium
|
|
|
Term
| Original earth's atmosphere composed of... |
|
Definition
| [image]Helium and Hydrogen gas (light!) |
|
|
Term
| Volcanic activity changed atmosphere to... |
|
Definition
| Water vapor and carbon dioxide and nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of natural selection occurs when: |
|
Definition
(1) heritable variation leads to
(2) differential success in survival and reproduction.
|
|
|
Term
| 4 traits of natural selection |
|
Definition
1. Individuals that make up a population vary in their traits.
2. Some of these trait differences are heritable, meaning they are passed on to offspring.
3. In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive. Only some individuals in the population survive long enough to produce offspring. Of these, some will produce more offspring than others.
4. Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits.
•These selected traits will increase in frequency in the population from one generation to the next, causing evolution—a change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time.
|
|
|
Term
| Evolution of natural selection occurs when... |
|
Definition
(1) heritable variation leads to
(2) differential success in survival and reproduction.
|
|
|
