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Bio Lec Exam 2
Shaffer
71
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Aspects of Terrestial Environments
Definition
Small land mass (~25%)
2-D environment
No real lack of oxygen but no true water
Term
Aspects of Marine Environments
Definition
Covered of more than 70%
3-D environment
Narrow range of temp
Tremendous biodiversity
Term
In Marine Biodiversity, diversity is based on...
Definition

 

Mode of transport (or lack of)
Free floating (drift with currents)
Free swimming (actively swimming)
Attached to or buried in substrate

Zonation (discrete regions)
Intertidal (interface between land and sea)
Neritic (coast or on shelf)
Oceanic (open ocean)
Benthic (on sea floor in shallow or deep water)
Term
Main categories of Plankton
Definition

-drift with current but some can swim

 

Phytoplankton (photo-autotrophs)
Zooplankton (heterotrophs)

Term
Organisms of Phytoplankton
Definition
Diatoms: silicate cells
Dinoflagellets: responsible for red tides
Term
Prochlorophytes
Definition
other viruses, contributes to large portion of ocean productivity
Term
Three major groups of marine organims?
Definition
Plankton, Nekton, Benthic
Term
Zooplankton
Definition

Copepods
Krill:

Jellies
Molluscs
Polychaete worms and larvae

Term
Benthic (sessile):
Definition

Algae: (KSC)
Kelps

Surf Grasses

Coralline

 

Animal: (SBCW)

Sponges
Bivalves

Corals

Worms


Term
Ice formation
Definition
Pancake, Pack, Fast
Term
How does the ocean affect light penetration?
Definition
Depth of light penetration depends on the wavelength
Term
Composition of seawater affects...
Definition
the way organisms deal with salt loads and excretion
Term
Water loss of closed mussels?
Definition
Little of no water loss[image]
Term
Water loss of limpet in scar
Definition
Small water loss
Term
Water loss of algae?
Definition
60% water loss
Term
Water loss of chiton
Definition
75% water loss
Term
Water loss of anemone among barnacles
Definition
Little water loss
Term
Marine organisms must stay within ___ zone.
Definition
Photic zone. (upper 200 meters)
Term
How do diatoms decrease density?
Definition
Using cytoplasmic oil drops from oil globules
Term
Increasing ____ reduces ____ rate.
Definition
Increasing surface resistance
reduces sinking rate
Term
Coloration patterns
Definition

Counter shading

Disruptive Coloration

Term
Three Concepts for Fish Respiration
Definition

Gills needed.

Counter current flow of blood and water.

Uni-directional.

Term
Describe gill filaments
Definition
Flimsy, delicate, need water for support
Term
Why do sharks "just keep swimmin, just keep swimmin..." =)
Definition

-forces water over gills

-required to extract enough oxygen

Term
What are osmoregulators?
Definition
They regulate the concentration of solutes and water in the body.

-posses physical ability to modify the concentration of salt and water in their body to
Term
What are Osmoconformers?
Definition

They allow fluids to equilibrate with environment.

-They don't regulate salt and water concentration, but conform to environment

Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
When water moves from areas of higher concentration of water to lower concentration of water. (Molecules cannot move across barriers)
Term
Hyptonic
Definition

-water loss and salt gain through gills


Solution:

-drink more water

-produce little urine

-spend energy to actively transport ions out

Term
Hypertonic (freshwater)
Definition

-water gain and salt loss through gills

 

Solution:

-don't drink water

-copious dilute urine

-spend energy to transport salts in

Term

What is urea?

 

What does the rectal gland do?

Definition

Urea: nitrogenic waste

 

Rectal gland takes in the extra salt.

Term
Extra-renal glands:
Definition

-they are in addition to kidney.

-used for salt excretion

-allows bird to drink salt water

Term
How does marine kidney differ from dry animal kidneys?
Definition

Kidneys look like it's composed of smaller kidneys.

Why? Reduce the surface area of each little kidney to increase kidney ability to take in salt.

Term
The marine food web shows...
Definition
..interactions between species in one trophic level within one community/ecosystem
Term
Type of lung that Lungfish have?
Definition
Rudimentary lung
Term
Two big factors that affect global climate:
Definition


1.Geographic variation in average conditions
(poles are colder)
-sunlight depends on angle of globe
2. Geographic variotion in seasonality

Term
Name the biomes:
Definition

Tropical wet forest

Sub-tropical desert

Temperate grassland

Temperate forest

Boreal forest

Artic tundra

 

 

Term
Tropical Wet Forest
Definition
[image]
Term
Sub-tropical forest
Definition
[image]
Term
Temperate grassland
Definition
[image]
Term
Temporate forest
Definition
[image]
Term
Boreal forest
Definition
[image]
Term
Artic tundra
Definition
[image]
Term
Adaptaions of Terrestrial animals
Definition

              1)Metabolism, body size, and thermoregulation
2)
Excretion and water/salt balance
3)
Gas exchange in terrestrial environment

Term
Endotherms (definition)
Definition

 

(endo = inside, therm = heat) generate their own heat
Mammals, birds, some fish (tuna & marlin) and sharks
Higher metabolic rates
Term
Ectotherms (definition)
Definition

 

(ecto = outside, therm = heat)

  gain heat from the environment

Amphibians, lizards, most fish, invertebrates, dinosaurs?
Lower metabolic rates

 

Term
Endothermy Implications
Definition

High maintenance costs
Less energy devoted to:
Growth
Reproduction
Able to live in cold climates
Consistently high activity

Term
Ectothermy Implications
Definition

Low maintenance costs
More energy devoted to:
Growth
Reproduction
Range constrained by climate
Activity constrained by climate

Term
Torpor
Definition
-Letting body temperature a few degrees below normal to save energy.
Term
Another word for extreme torpor?
Definition
Hibernation
Term
What are extremophiles?
Definition

Extremophiles are microorganisms— viruses, prokaryotes, or eukaryotes— that survive under harsh environmental conditions that can include atypical temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, nutrient, oxygen, water, and radiation level.

Term
Psychrophiles
Definition

Microbes that live in cold environments

-sea ice, artic, antartic ice packs.

Term
Thermophiles
Definition

Microbes that live in very hot environments

-deep sea vents, volcanic lakes

Term
Alkaliphiles
Definition

Microbes that live in basic environments (high pH)

-soda lakes

Term
Halophiles
Definition

Microbes that live in very salty environments

-salt lakes, salt mines

Term
Acidophiles
Definition

Microbes that live in acidic environments

-sulpher springs

Term
Barophiles and Xerophiles
Definition

Barophiles: survive under high pressure levels

(deep sea vents)

 

Xerophiles: survive in hot deserts

 

Endoliths: dwell in rocks and caves

Term
Evolution theories of extremophiles
Definition

Consortia: symbiotic relationships (species 1 gives nutrients to species 2 to exist in extreme habiat)

Genetic drift: allele frequencies randomly changing in microbial population.

Geographic isolation: orgnaisms in isolated, extreme areas able to evolve biochemical characteristics enhance survival

Term
How is Earth's Atmosphere vital for life on Earth?
Definition

-Blocks harmful UV radiation

-Regulate/retain heat (greenhouse effect)

-Maintain conditions like moisture content

Term
Features of breathable air
Definition

-less dense and viscous than water

-30 times more oxygen than water

-changes with altitude

Term
Biomes are determined by...
Definition
plant commnity, which establishes the animal community.
Term
Metabolic rate
Definition
total energy spending of an animal per unit time
Term

 

Differential heating and cooling across the Earth’s surface creates....

 

Definition

 

Creates instability in air movements (weather)
Creates global wind circulation patterns
Affects moisture delivery (i.e. latitudinal gradients)

 

Term
Benthic (Moves)
Definition

Sea stars

Worms

Crustaceans

Term
Major Marine Adaptations
Definition

Exposure to light
Gas exchange in water medium
Osmoregulation and excretion
Swimming in viscous medium

Term
Original earth's atmosphere composed of...
Definition
[image]Helium and Hydrogen gas (light!)
Term
Volcanic activity changed atmosphere to...
Definition
Water vapor and carbon dioxide and nitrogen
Term
Evolution of natural selection occurs when:
Definition

(1) heritable variation leads to

  (2) differential success in survival and reproduction.

Term
4 traits of natural selection
Definition

 

1. Individuals that make up a population vary in their traits.

2. Some of these trait differences are heritable, meaning they are passed on to offspring.

3. In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive. Only some individuals in the population survive long enough to produce offspring. Of these, some will produce more offspring than others.

4. Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits.

These selected traits will increase in frequency in the population from one generation to the next, causing evolutiona change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time.

 

Term
Evolution of natural selection occurs when...
Definition

 

(1) heritable variation leads to

  (2) differential success in survival and reproduction.

 

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